tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78641430198188704862024-02-08T06:15:45.362+01:00REWARD FOR LIFE 针
Dora and Fatih. Dora: Medical Doctor, Licensed Acupuncturist, PhD, personal and mental trainer, nutritionist, fertility coach, aesthetic expert. Fatih: finance of bank and insurances BD. Dora and Fatih: biological damage ctus. D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-31307360174906110992016-05-08T15:26:00.000+02:002018-06-20T15:21:55.889+02:00reward project basis<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Dora and Fatih REWARD FOR LIFE </span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: #38761d;">®</span></span><br />
<br />
<b>-REWARD IDEAS</b><br />
-BENECEPTION (medial reward body-mind pathways ...BEN qi jing shen) > nociception (lateral reward BIAO) ((real ben = why ben -> biao))<br />
-reward are instinctive NEEDS (genetical+epigenetical) to be accomplished<br />
...since or a need is accomplished or ...it raises till convertion (dopa-beta-hydroxilase and habenula) to stress pathways<br />
->reward are DUTIES for health of people and society<br />
->rewards are RIGHTS for health and wellbeing<br />
<br />
<b>-REWARD STRATEGIES</b><br />
1. diet<br />
2. fitness<br />
3. shen soul (mind)<br />
4. love life<br />
5. sleep<br />
6. extra rewardsDora and Fatihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04686369936352043485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-25434073509686682042016-03-30T21:19:00.000+02:002016-04-07T22:14:44.112+02:00Dora and Fatih ..book 3: BABIES REWARD<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnhFCL6HwM7rXwm42SaPH07_CVU5ewFgTUnNx_vI3vZS1auQCLozQF9S9S4BpPzGLwB4JRY-6eVPpnTFc0s8-CFKi5SH5LS1xUrYc2MkZjIHO7yFXA7CVQb1ks-gcBRv7nqlfmtZqUgIQ/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.35.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnhFCL6HwM7rXwm42SaPH07_CVU5ewFgTUnNx_vI3vZS1auQCLozQF9S9S4BpPzGLwB4JRY-6eVPpnTFc0s8-CFKi5SH5LS1xUrYc2MkZjIHO7yFXA7CVQb1ks-gcBRv7nqlfmtZqUgIQ/s400/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.35.png" width="296" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS88Fm3308Hx5Ud-pBjOd63nMAjOy09VZNUxamF1XzjskpPmG95bc_40PdIfqvm8DYiLT7D6hzmGvQF3T4wydGnvPVdjFliglpnCMYIPXVY1OMd9WWSPPFQ6Fm7SKN-DxUWiwEHnqPdPAg/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.41.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS88Fm3308Hx5Ud-pBjOd63nMAjOy09VZNUxamF1XzjskpPmG95bc_40PdIfqvm8DYiLT7D6hzmGvQF3T4wydGnvPVdjFliglpnCMYIPXVY1OMd9WWSPPFQ6Fm7SKN-DxUWiwEHnqPdPAg/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.41.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaCpt0MbdGclIf1A6rUGDAH1hGeOUodCwG7gVYc2z1XUmbt8NZldQVheyNBfHe-6ePxRF9EHYDJU8HgtnRW-xjk1-8xPvWgaZQFOT2aLeXw0AXNGzr280Lt3t1xWhqC0FHUQHndRrQqtc/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.50.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaCpt0MbdGclIf1A6rUGDAH1hGeOUodCwG7gVYc2z1XUmbt8NZldQVheyNBfHe-6ePxRF9EHYDJU8HgtnRW-xjk1-8xPvWgaZQFOT2aLeXw0AXNGzr280Lt3t1xWhqC0FHUQHndRrQqtc/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.17.50.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX10oykruX21zAEsIwftfIBj1PUvt0qdVci0GIwHR6eIBM2eIDEBWhLnyLYgnUHKUWCoJP91YmLep9qyXDjk4G4Le_9vZ3w5LC0sC-HdNULf8huVIh4-NAPub7P-u0zqswtstdEr05k1W7/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.18.08.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX10oykruX21zAEsIwftfIBj1PUvt0qdVci0GIwHR6eIBM2eIDEBWhLnyLYgnUHKUWCoJP91YmLep9qyXDjk4G4Le_9vZ3w5LC0sC-HdNULf8huVIh4-NAPub7P-u0zqswtstdEr05k1W7/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.18.08.png" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>http://ilmiolibro.kataweb.it/libro/medicina-e-salute/228739/babies-reward/</u></span>Dora and Fatihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04686369936352043485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-41230539371673087412016-03-30T21:16:00.000+02:002016-03-30T21:30:29.910+02:00Dora and Fatih ..book 2: REWARD II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbZxbvRKun0DiQnkz65lPz0Fc7Un07pZjHBLhXPXhxMj_kOQ76wqXTwfa_HyeiJ4W8W3kBDYh0UFtp_GjfZVp94B9izaUAe_7QJoLBN2T_YSBB02d9kJ38KbBzcp0K7XRFB-Vft7YVR6F/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.21.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgANIXF53NGhO6H4F0ZAeNtNFQZO-OC3DkIB0ajr0aE-tSpBl6oIbqdy3Vmwr5l_VpS6F_IipUSO_w0p43x308q6FAlfClqZ_bkHmZ9dsaOZmf0M0ApUeX3MsbSVGv8hVYUSQCho2rwJy5u/s1600/Schermata+2015-12-11+alle+01.14.39.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgANIXF53NGhO6H4F0ZAeNtNFQZO-OC3DkIB0ajr0aE-tSpBl6oIbqdy3Vmwr5l_VpS6F_IipUSO_w0p43x308q6FAlfClqZ_bkHmZ9dsaOZmf0M0ApUeX3MsbSVGv8hVYUSQCho2rwJy5u/s400/Schermata+2015-12-11+alle+01.14.39.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbZxbvRKun0DiQnkz65lPz0Fc7Un07pZjHBLhXPXhxMj_kOQ76wqXTwfa_HyeiJ4W8W3kBDYh0UFtp_GjfZVp94B9izaUAe_7QJoLBN2T_YSBB02d9kJ38KbBzcp0K7XRFB-Vft7YVR6F/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.21.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbZxbvRKun0DiQnkz65lPz0Fc7Un07pZjHBLhXPXhxMj_kOQ76wqXTwfa_HyeiJ4W8W3kBDYh0UFtp_GjfZVp94B9izaUAe_7QJoLBN2T_YSBB02d9kJ38KbBzcp0K7XRFB-Vft7YVR6F/s400/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.21.png" width="313" /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAbZxbvRKun0DiQnkz65lPz0Fc7Un07pZjHBLhXPXhxMj_kOQ76wqXTwfa_HyeiJ4W8W3kBDYh0UFtp_GjfZVp94B9izaUAe_7QJoLBN2T_YSBB02d9kJ38KbBzcp0K7XRFB-Vft7YVR6F/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.21.png" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBlcIuc2QQYInFtQNKac9boEClFjL985UPu9t4Ws5LUDLT_4nwkjtovy2D48BHHM8OddKAEQrnvg8-cim6GoCLe-P4q-MxgX3eQBPZYdyY5xBBe4odt6iz6UR3sEbGuc8wtW40FdyzFODl/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.29.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBlcIuc2QQYInFtQNKac9boEClFjL985UPu9t4Ws5LUDLT_4nwkjtovy2D48BHHM8OddKAEQrnvg8-cim6GoCLe-P4q-MxgX3eQBPZYdyY5xBBe4odt6iz6UR3sEbGuc8wtW40FdyzFODl/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.29.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstKpttze-kIsX2USo99nGzIGaz3lAYzUcfxuT6qKkA0mcsIZPSGOFLU96_tKzK_VNdvf3raGEEDcu7oopWSaLA5XY9A_i3uYfxsPXJ-VfKxdeiR1dXnMd8Caa4NIp4i94BkpCKK1RYk6r/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.36.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstKpttze-kIsX2USo99nGzIGaz3lAYzUcfxuT6qKkA0mcsIZPSGOFLU96_tKzK_VNdvf3raGEEDcu7oopWSaLA5XY9A_i3uYfxsPXJ-VfKxdeiR1dXnMd8Caa4NIp4i94BkpCKK1RYk6r/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.36.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPei6DCxNz-RmBfLOpIeGJT6btTVwe134md8sUb_wbaSKexp-43jSew_r-ti87eTUZuDMjEzspsAsffxId7EtHSk9noZ2MfUx9gROMNqztBEszIVH_oA2TsXRTrobaJKV9DTikY0GGgDrK/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.50.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPei6DCxNz-RmBfLOpIeGJT6btTVwe134md8sUb_wbaSKexp-43jSew_r-ti87eTUZuDMjEzspsAsffxId7EtHSk9noZ2MfUx9gROMNqztBEszIVH_oA2TsXRTrobaJKV9DTikY0GGgDrK/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.13.50.png" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://ilmiolibro.kataweb.it/libro/medicina-e-salute/213016/reward-ii/">http://ilmiolibro.kataweb.it/libro/medicina-e-salute/213016/reward-ii/</a>Dora and Fatihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04686369936352043485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-55700868729604662642016-03-30T21:13:00.000+02:002016-03-30T21:22:29.886+02:00Dora and Fatih ..book 1: REWARD 7<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDmXuWmNMhBT_U_jcnAMNLfwSVpvD3TDJw8yBKItMkQZOFCFCoW0V5uIJ1pbAEYwaGY3SkIRBRc18vemvfvL0ekjoVfQa6a8Acaui4Xz1RrQRnv0Q2iH_r9kXJ5i8P29T6vu70Tc-cwhqB/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.10.47.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDmXuWmNMhBT_U_jcnAMNLfwSVpvD3TDJw8yBKItMkQZOFCFCoW0V5uIJ1pbAEYwaGY3SkIRBRc18vemvfvL0ekjoVfQa6a8Acaui4Xz1RrQRnv0Q2iH_r9kXJ5i8P29T6vu70Tc-cwhqB/s400/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.10.47.png" width="255" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDmXuWmNMhBT_U_jcnAMNLfwSVpvD3TDJw8yBKItMkQZOFCFCoW0V5uIJ1pbAEYwaGY3SkIRBRc18vemvfvL0ekjoVfQa6a8Acaui4Xz1RrQRnv0Q2iH_r9kXJ5i8P29T6vu70Tc-cwhqB/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.10.47.png" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp80dTURvjc40KU72r4XRlcnW-vLrxLw7inLZltAUS6AG0JYby8rCMPJqSvSGmCXI9mddgRykpKM7ka7YllXoYqUtUfqffl9EEZhdyVmuF5jE7MBRilKuEEwPAt0vGyL83vRpNeB7-d_e3/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.10.52.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp80dTURvjc40KU72r4XRlcnW-vLrxLw7inLZltAUS6AG0JYby8rCMPJqSvSGmCXI9mddgRykpKM7ka7YllXoYqUtUfqffl9EEZhdyVmuF5jE7MBRilKuEEwPAt0vGyL83vRpNeB7-d_e3/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.10.52.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJ5Iq2R2Z4VsK7n2OlC3o6fRqGRsm9Kwo6Whijrd0U9yOAE8kA-aHkRNjnxKmB_h7me5NVsGJA42Eh4o-jepUzWUaK7gKoD6KisBJ6taVU0J49DMWsW1ag3WWWTU8HN-ZMx1so5horjL-/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.09.58.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJ5Iq2R2Z4VsK7n2OlC3o6fRqGRsm9Kwo6Whijrd0U9yOAE8kA-aHkRNjnxKmB_h7me5NVsGJA42Eh4o-jepUzWUaK7gKoD6KisBJ6taVU0J49DMWsW1ag3WWWTU8HN-ZMx1so5horjL-/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.09.58.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgolXVSIIjMSyWHkMFhS7ecCIxD-_lWbDNpeMxRmkAsQOi77OzauOEi9m2ITvIMDMTR1iu0iX25SdvisX8ugzVnNw5HZKCkBl4sFXIpgbBthcR1Pr1WsK_B3RayAXUy-_7xGnVwOIBQGNBP/s1600/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.09.43.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgolXVSIIjMSyWHkMFhS7ecCIxD-_lWbDNpeMxRmkAsQOi77OzauOEi9m2ITvIMDMTR1iu0iX25SdvisX8ugzVnNw5HZKCkBl4sFXIpgbBthcR1Pr1WsK_B3RayAXUy-_7xGnVwOIBQGNBP/s320/Schermata+2016-03-30+alle+21.09.43.png" width="320" /></a><br />
<a href="http://ilmiolibro.kataweb.it/libro/medicina-e-salute/194027/reward7/">http://ilmiolibro.kataweb.it/libro/medicina-e-salute/194027/reward7/</a><br />
<br />Dora and Fatihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04686369936352043485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-42308503971075112112016-01-28T13:27:00.001+01:002016-03-30T21:03:47.671+02:00Reward projects and concepts: reward for salutogenesis<b><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666;">Dora</span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;">and</span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> </span><span style="color: #0b5394;">Fatih</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-epigenetics and reward</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-reward as need, right, duty ... fulfillment</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-reward positive gap basis for salutogenesis: RM > RL</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-common reward concepts: RL nociception, RM beneception</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-from occidental to oriental medicine from the reward point a view</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u>-REWARD STRATEGIES</u> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Dora and Fatih</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(c))</span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(1) diet </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(2) fitness </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(3) mind </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #e06666; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(4) love life</span><span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(5) sleep </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(6) extra rewards</span></span></b><br />
<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">...and the right to reward according to common needs</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">reward is a right and a duty</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">cfr all our texts, articles, books and so on</b></span>D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-12158100645417834332015-11-19T11:52:00.004+01:002015-11-19T19:28:02.509+01:00REWARD integrated strategiesDora Dragoni, MD etc<br />
<b><span style="color: #e06666; font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;">REWARD integrated strategies </span></b><br />
<br />
<b>(protected and included in</b><br />
<b>-Creative Commons 4.0 </b><br />
<b>-my PhD project</b><br />
<b>-all my previous 12 articles, and writings)</b><br />
<br />
...a part from getting a measure of <b><span style="color: #7f6000;">stress</span></b> quantity and quality<br />
this has to be however balanced with <b><span style="color: #45818e;">positive rewarding lifestyle</span></b>, based on:<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">1) DIET:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">- nutrition: occidental basis, TCM ideas, Ayurveda ideas</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">- fitness: occidental exercises, qi-gong, yoga asana</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0;">2) MIND</span><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0;">- mental training techniques</span><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0;">- mindfulness</span><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0;">- zen practice</span><br />
<span style="color: #c27ba0;">- mantra </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">3) AFFECTIVE LIFE</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #f4cccc;">5) ANY KIND OF WELLBEING PRACTICE</span><br />
<span style="color: #f4cccc;">- time with pets</span><br />
<span style="color: #f4cccc;">- massage</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;">6) eventual CAM techniques</span><br />
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2015.11.19<br />
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D.D.<br />
F.D.D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-44025841733540946912015-11-13T21:59:00.000+01:002015-11-13T22:04:06.707+01:00CAM and Reward for Wellness - International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine - MedCrave<a href="http://medcraveonline.com/IJCAM/IJCAM-01-00035.pdf">http://medcraveonline.com/IJCAM/IJCAM-01-00035.pdf</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;">Volume 1 Issue 6- 2015</span></div>
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Nutritionist, Acupuncture fellow at AMAB, Italy</div>
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*Corresponding author: Dora Dragoni, Medical Doctor,
Acupuncture Fellow (3rd/3 year), Personal Trainer, Mental
Trainer, Nutrionist, AMAB, Italy, Tel: +39 338 5085731;
Email: dora.dragoni@studio.unibo.it
Received: October 21, 2015 | Published: October 26, 2015</div>
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Keywords: Reward; Wellness; Health; CAM; Stress; Acupuncture; Ayurveda; Diet; Nutrition; Fitness; Mental training; Epigenetic; Affective life; Lifestyle, Right to health; Prevention; Longevity</div>
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Abstract Review Article
CAM strategies are at the same time ancient healing strategy systems, since
ayurveda is 5000 years old and Traditional Chinese Medicine with acupuncture is
3000 years old, so they are proved to be effective and safe, …and they are also a
new care approach, since occidental world still asks if they are really scientifical
despite the evidence, the millennary effectiveness, the thousands of studies and
researches, and the fact that people are using them more and more.
CAM are called alternative in comparison to the official therapies systems, such
as drugs and surgery. Antonovsky starting from 1979 underlines how, in a correct
salutogenetic approach, to create health we should at first rule the lifestyle,
manage a good diet (nutrition and physical activity), then proceed toward light
caring treatments, passing then to acupuncture and such kind of medicine
methods, and only in late stages recur to artificial molecules or even more.n
It’s simple to understand that, as World Health Organization declares “health
is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity” [1], so from that it derives this observation:
relieving symptoms in some ways doesn’t correspond to creating wellness.
Reaching a well-being global condition is an autonomous process that each
person can live, thanks to therapists and all those who want to participate with
an active and positive role into others lives.
CAM are indeed lots of healing systems: Traditional Chinese Medicine
(acupuncture, chinese fitotherapy, tui na massage, qi-gong, dietetic), ayurveda
(yoga, mantra, use of spices and dietetic culture, therapeutical massages); but
also integrated therapies, that are: diet, from the greek world δίαιτα that means
lifestyle, particularly nutrition and physical activity, mindfullness and relaxation
techniques (from mental training to any oriental zen form of meditation), and
even simply understanding that affective life has a main role into our daily
routine, becoming of course able to apply this need to our daily habits.
The latest studies focus on reward system, the brain pathways and nuclei involved
in the perception and feeling of positive signals and emotions, related to our main
needs and istincts, such as food, sex, reproduction, parental behaviours. It is
known that when medial paths prevale we have a good mood, positivity, wellness
and pleasure perceptions. But in case of stress conditions dopamine is converted
into cathecolamines and lateral ways are prevalent, with a global stressful mood
and all the organic consequences that derive from that: Mayo Clinic on its site
[2] publishes that stress is strictly related with all the most diffused diseases,
such as cardiopathies, gastrointestinal dysfunctions (these two can also be called
dysautonomias), allergies and autoimmune disorders, reumatologic diseases,
headache/migraine, insomnia, and all the mood and sex dysfunctions. So it’s
important to prevent stress, managing it creating wellness daily habits and
situations.
In this article I talk about the characteristics and functions of all main CAM (as I
said: nutritional and fitness suggestions, acupuncture, ayurveda, mind relaxation
tips, and affective life approaches), underlining their neuroscientific and global
mechanisms of action: acting on reward system as well, they are able not only
to relieve stress, symptoms and pain, but they also can improve in great ways
our well-being global condition, and with the wellness feeling that derives from
that: we are stronger (getting the so called “resilience”, the ability to overcome
obstacles), able to face in the better and most positive ways our life, managing it
how we want.</div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-269307129910530502015-10-20T18:44:00.000+02:002015-10-20T18:44:31.882+02:00“4th Global ACUPUNCTURE and Therapist Annual Meeting”<br />
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-48595259115803100132015-10-10T09:34:00.000+02:002015-10-18T17:08:09.940+02:0011) ARTICLE: Diet, Health and Wellness (2015.10.07)<b><a href="http://medcraveonline.com/JNHFE/JNHFE-02-00073.php">http://medcraveonline.com/JNHFE/JNHFE-02-00073.php</a></b><br />
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Opinion</div>
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Volume 2 Issue 5 - 2015</div>
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Diet, Health and Wellness</div>
<div class="authors" style="color: #f26522; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 25px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;">
Dora Dragoni*</div>
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Nutritionist, Acupuncture fellow at AMAB, Italy</div>
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<strong style="padding: 0px;">Received:</strong> October 7, 2015 | <strong style="padding: 0px;">Published: </strong>October 7, 2015</div>
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<strong style="padding: 0px;">*Corresponding author: </strong>Dora Dragoni, Medical Doctor, Nutritionist, Personal Trainer, Acupuncture Fellow at AMAB, Italy, Tel: +39 338 5085731; Email: <a href="mailto: dora.dragoni@studio.unibo.it" style="color: #0054a6; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><email-data mail-domain="@studio.unibo.it" mail-user="dora.dragoni" style="padding: 0px;"></email-data></a></div>
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<strong style="padding: 0px;">Citation: </strong>Dragoni D (2015) Diet, Health and Wellness. J Nutr Health Food Eng 2(5): 00073. DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2015.02.00073" style="color: #0054a6; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">10.15406/jnhfe.2015.02.00073</a></div>
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<span class="s1"><b>Keywords:</b> Diet; Nutrition; Lifestyle; Wellness, Health; Reward; Fitness; Mediterranean diet; Italian Cuisine; Turkish cuisine; TCM; Food culture; Ayurveda; Multi-Strategies;<b> </b>Right to food</span><br />
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Abstract</h1>
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Food is part of us: it is nutrients, tastes, and flavours…and it is one of the basic social ways we spend time with others. So it is important to know conscious approaches to it, to choose wisely how we eat, to regulate our diet at better, to have healthy and pleasant foods, and to prefer social eating solutions.</div>
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No matter if we are in fit or we want to improve our BMI, we should choose healthy foods, like organic ones, we should balance our diets with the best proportions of nutrients, and we should know which flavours adapt to our way of being (according to traditional chinese medicine, for example); or in case of diabetes, or other dysmetabolisms, we should even more pay attention to our nutrition and lifestyle, in order to stay in the better equilibrium. Even pregnancy, infancy, and sport habits need particular attentions, since all are physiological situations in which diet has an important role.</div>
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Understanding how considering our daily and weekly nutrition is the first step. Then we should choose the foods, amongst the healthiest, that fit best to our preferences. And moreover it would be important to have an overall global lifestyle: having a regular physical activity, in order to get to fitness body and mind conditions, and try to train with daily relaxation and mindfullness techniques as well, like yoga, zen practices, or maybe others based on concentration or even visualization. In case of some dysfunctions we could recur to CAM strategies: complementary and alternative medicines are considered more and more important and worth (like acupuncture, fitotherapies, mental training and so on).</div>
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The basis could be the mediterrenean diet, declared in 2010 “intangible cultural heritage for humanity” by Unesco, and typical of mediterrenean countries: the world “diet” comes from the ancient greek world “diaita” that means “lifestyle” indeed. So preferring complex carbohydrates (at lower glycemic index), white meats, fish (rich in omega-3), some fresh cheese, and lots of vegetables and fruits (for vitamins and fibers), dry fruits and nuts (containing omega-6), adding some herbs and spices as well (I can say that for some cultures, like ayurveda, they are a real healing system), evitating sweets and fats (helping in such a way metabolism), and reducing coffee as well, is the ‘nutrition side’; to this we should also have a daily sport activity and if we can find some time to relax at sun it would be great for our body and mind as well - vitamin D is related to higher fertility rates according to recent studies.</div>
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In conclusion we can underline the relationships between nutrition, lifestyle, emotions and reward system, the brain pathways involved in the modulation of stress and in the wellness perceptions and feelings, that are the basis for healing, resilience and health: even World Health Organization declared that health is not the absence of diseases but it has to be the complete body and mind well-being.</div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-40755217276524264972015-03-30T16:47:00.001+02:002015-09-26T22:15:32.925+02:009) ARTICLE - "Stress & health: wellness for body and mind" [2015.04.01]<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><b>Stress & health: wellness for body and mind</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #073763; font-family: Georgia;"><b>wellness, stress, reward,
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<span style="color: #073763; font-family: Georgia;"><b>Well being means for sure to manage stress
conditions. Understanding what is stress, and how to prevent, is the first
point. Then we should improve our life styles: such as diet and physical
activity. Of course how we feel is important too, our surroundings and the
related emotions. Some advanced techniques can always help: for example,
acupuncture and psychotherapy.</b></span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">More and more scientific studies and wellness
systems are examining the interactions between stress and well being, and are
trying to understand and to find some ways of treatment to be and stay at our
best.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">But what is stress? Stress is a physiological
response that our body has in order to overcome a problem. It can lead to
maximal parameters in order to fight at best during a particular occasion.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Of course it has biological bases: his central
regulations take place in hypotalamus. The hormone released for such response
is the CRH, that provoques the production and secretion of another hormone, the
ACTH, from the pituitary to all our body. From that we have the production of
cortisol, secreted by adrenal glands.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The effects of stress are a lot: at first we have
an increase of the blood pressure, and of glycemia. Furthermore a chronical
stress condition leads to toxicity: due to the hyperglicemia, and determined by
the catabolic inbalance this can have as consequence, and a cellular oxydation
(resposible even of cancers).</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Another consequence is that the ormonal
equilibrium disbalances toward stress hormones and not of physiological ones:
deriving from that, the mood symptoms and the sexual and social dissatisfaction.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">It is common known that the immunitary system is
damaged by stress molecules: it can become both hyperactive and then
disregulated. Many diseases are spreading in these dacedes: autoimmune diseases
particularly (type 1 diabetes, reumathoid arthritis, celiac disease). Flogistic
alterations are also found in depression, so psicho-neuro-immuno-endocrinology
is becoming one of the sciences helping us understanding how we are.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Some studies are explaining how headache is
related to a raised amout of request to our brain (with till a 300% blood flux
in brain), that cannot always face to such conditions from a metabolic point of
view and the disbalance leads to molecular lacks: acting on opioids could help
(as the acupuncture headache preventive treatment contributes to demonstrate).</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Even Mayo Clinic has focused the attention on the
correlation between stress and many common and diffused diseases, such as:
headache, gastric symptoms, some chest and heart disfunctions (called also
“dysautonomia”), the trend to get colds and flus, psychological disregulations,
being often angry and dissatisfied, have an unsatisfactory affective and sexual
life.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">The point to pay attention is that, by regulating
our mind and ways of living, we can manage stress conditions, preventing them
and solving them as well.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Acting on the REWARD system (neural pathways),
that counteracts stress, can be done at many practical levels:</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">DIET – many studies are done about sugar
reduction or even deprivation: after 40 days rats see the first benefits in how
they feel and behave with better blood parameters at first. We should avoid
hypercalorical diets, and introduce always 1,5 liters of water at least; prefer
vegetables and fruit, to guarantee the correct amount of fiber intake</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">SLEEP – a good regular sleep is one of the main
elements to improve to reduce the stress amount. We always say that 7 hours of
sleep are a good quantity, or even more</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – doing a fitness training
everyday for at least 45 minutes is good in inducing both relaxation and
improvement of physical body shape (from which happiness). It is known that
physical activity is good in the prevention of Alzheimer disease, and it acts
both at a mental and somatic level</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">RELAXATION TECHNIQUES – we can distress our mind with
yoga sessions or tai chi trainings. Even meditation, in every form, is useful
to relax mind and soul. Mental training could help particular needs, such as
those of sport persons, based on both relaxation and visualization</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Of course we could also manage stress
consequences in great ways:</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">ACUPUNCTURE – this very old system involves
amazing theories developed through centuries in Asia (mainly in China, but also
in Japan and Korea), and it is proved by the newest studies understanding how
the stimulation of the opiate system, by needling specific cutaneous points,
leads to a rebalancing of many molecules, particularly hormones and
neurotransmitters</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">PSYCHOTHERAPY – if well done, and taking in
consideration the whole person, it can help you find a good mind approach to
life after a stressful period (particularly if there are even body symptoms,
that can be a physical expression of a more general spiritual bad feeling).
Helping your psyche and mind will bring you more happiness, a better social
life and a satisfying sexual life: of course love and sex are the main keys to
see life in the right way, they bring to the increase of many molecules, such
as oxytocin, that are related to how we approach to other people, and they of
course also act at body level, by reducing pain and inflammation, and on the
whole by improving how we feel and we are.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">www.mayoclinic.org</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Maciocia, The foundations of chinese medicine</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;">Dragoni D., Reward Pathway and Metabolism,
Neuroscienze.net</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-27135159324463720772015-03-26T18:24:00.002+01:002015-03-30T16:55:54.103+02:00BOOK - "REWARD 7" - 2015 (8a ed.)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHFKvUlLnKuMWidgInwMqwv7E-CLN0l2MFun6Q3JkjyOPJimRGQF0AGAWypljqfCCJLKCzr-qp_a5BVJcJRVW_E6E5S5iaFLsW0s_ZOXRLjeTyncO8Jr-yBHO9EbOpm540rv7HpIBwCKt/s1600/Schermata+2015-03-26+alle+18.24.31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHFKvUlLnKuMWidgInwMqwv7E-CLN0l2MFun6Q3JkjyOPJimRGQF0AGAWypljqfCCJLKCzr-qp_a5BVJcJRVW_E6E5S5iaFLsW0s_ZOXRLjeTyncO8Jr-yBHO9EbOpm540rv7HpIBwCKt/s1600/Schermata+2015-03-26+alle+18.24.31.png" /></a></div>
<br />D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-40637071560651187642015-02-09T20:15:00.002+01:002015-02-09T20:15:07.320+01:00acupuncture & insomniahttp://www.healthcmi.com/Acupuncture-Continuing-Education-News/1426-acupuncture-beats-drug-for-sleepD. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-67955283683801674442014-03-03T16:52:00.001+01:002015-01-09T20:37:37.554+01:00acupuncture & rewardhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288658<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906602<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565594<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15850733<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2575345<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3032850<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6125996<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2982220<br />
http://en.doctmag.com/unconventional-medicine/A-new-method-for-treatment-of-obesity-according-to-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine/<br />
...D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-37797334467462214032013-04-16T14:46:00.002+02:002015-09-26T22:14:01.982+02:008) ARTICLE - cervello ordinato - ordered brain [2013.04.16]<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Orderly Brain</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTRODUCTION</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interaction in the context of therapeutic improvement
is based on the understanding of the points to be solved in the perspective
that should be obtained.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brief therapy entails the patient’s greater
understanding of the problem to be solved. Classic therapy involves and implies
a series of situations that patient and therapist have to understand and solve;
see reality.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The developments in the context of improvement concern
a few points</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-deterrences</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-ways to arrive at the implementation of decision
making</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-empowerment</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
the so-called brain programming evolution of neurolinguistic programming</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-dissociations</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The various “mental levels” are conditioned by correct
thoughts; see types of rewards chosen after a series of obvious considerations;
see therapeutic solutions.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If therapy is not carried out (see best choices) there
would be somatizations to be resolved; see ideas carried out.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DETERRENCES</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deterrences can usually be placed at the cortical
level.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">They obviously derive from a processing path carried
out by the person under induced self- or hetero-hypnosis.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metaphor is always a valid tool for not explicitly
revealing problems that the patient might not have understood or has not processed
completely or not in an entirely personal way.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After analysing the case with the therapist and
through self-reprocessing, we reach a solution that the patient is able to
carry out; see surrounding conditions.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At that point deterrence becomes a work tool for
therapist and patient.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brief therapy is a consequence of this.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DECISION MAKING</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The decision making process is carried out (see
dopaminergic pathways going from mesencephalic reward pathway to cortex).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the simplest cases, it is an automatically carried
out system, in others it entails rapid processing, in still others it involves
interaction with the therapist, which for the most part achieves the final
solution.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EMPOWERMENT</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This system typically involves the processing of a
plan parallel to the therapeutic plan in which the somatising patient
strengthens him/herself towards a balance that resolves or improves the
pathological picture.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It turns into internal medicine or metabolic therapy
when the patient becomes aware of the pathology and of the problem to be
solved.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus diabetics and those with metabolic disorders must
understand how to improve their condition.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E-health medicine, whether we are talking about
self-management of the therapeutic diagnostic picture or self-regulated
information of the pathology towards healing, seems more and more to be the
solution for pathological cases.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus empowerment involves stabilisation of the
pathological case towards a condition of balance in the situational complex.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FROM NLP TO BRAIN PROGRAMMING</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A therapeutic development consists of the reduction in
verbal reaction at the moments when the patient tries to process his/her
condition. This means that the therapist solves cases that are either similar
to each other or correlated in the resolution method.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The patient’s prayers could be seen as expressive mode
in cases in which religiosity is strongly experienced.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is true, however, that the patient who expresses
him/herself often on his/her own problems appears to have processed the
situations that he/she experiences in a mature way.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the same time, the therapist can compare cases
without obviously correlating them to avoid taking for granted that a
deterrence is always valid in each case.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brain programming should not be interpreted as a form
of exorcism, which is always negative, rather it should be interpreted as a
quick and effective solution for synchronously carrying out deterrences.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negating forms of ironic telepathy between doctor and
patient, we arrive in any case at the understanding of the case; see mental
order that doctor and patient must have.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The patient processes problems in a personal way. And
the therapist, having experienced a process of elaboration of his/her own
conditions, knows how to solve, in reality, the problems and resolved crucial issues
of the patient or of the person who turns to him/her to carry out what he/she
knows and how.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DISSOCIATIONS</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unconscious dissociations are those that cause us to
go from </span><a href="http://www.neuroscienze.net/?page_id=45"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dopamine</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to </span><a href="http://www.neuroscienze.net/?page_id=135"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gaba</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, as a sort of electric minus that
the brain places on an electric plus which it negates, thus explaining the
dissociative pictures of the various spectra; see DSM.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conscious dissociations are, on the other hand, those
for which, in cases of simply solved problems, there will always be gaps
remaining between solved problem and way in which the solution was carried out.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possible dissociations should be reassociated; see
possible therapist therapist comparisons and comparisons with the literature
pertaining to cases.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONCLUSION</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Physical activity as therapy/non-therapy remains the
best key for protecting physical metabolic balance, and it should be placed
alongside verbal forms of improvement of the person.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No therapy is ever finished even though all
deterrences and forms of empowerment are always the resolution key to be
carried out in the best way possible.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Reward pathway and decision making, Academic
press by Jean Claud Dreher.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Empowerment
conference proceedings (Denmark 2012)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Riccardo Arone
di Bertolino – L’ipnosi per un medico, La Martina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Standard" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1.4pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 1.4pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Dora Dragoni – Reward
pathway & motricidade, Neuroscienze</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: PT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--EndFragment-->D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-80037657582580635702012-11-30T14:57:00.001+01:002012-11-30T15:00:14.936+01:00> 11.000 views<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-45302038453700371072012-11-25T13:21:00.002+01:002015-09-26T22:13:29.598+02:007) ARTICLE - reward pathway & motricidade [2012.11.25]<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>REWARD PATHWAY & MOTRICIDADE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
role of reward pathway is involved in many medical and physiological fields.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These
are metabolic diseases, in which diabetes, dyslipidemias, nafld. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
metabolical details are explained in other articles see my bibliography.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
newest intuitions involve rp role and physical activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>The
reward pathway<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is
made of some neural webs, in which lateral ones connected to stress roles
(adenohypophysis etc). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">And
medial ones (reward molecules mainly).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">See
articles explaining how medial patwhays works in and out wards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Motricidade<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Role
of physical activity may be divided into two fields:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muscles and vessels one:
muscles involve the activation of main motor nerves, which are useful to
decharge brain electrical activity into the periphery. Vessels too are
connected to vagal activation, related to a more equilibrated olistic function<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Opiates function: these
act on reward in a physiological way, so to reduce hypothetical pain due
pathologies and diseases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Conclusive
perspectives <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
newest idea is how physical activity is related to reward functions: not only
peripheral acted one, but involving also neural integrated systems and
mind-thought due views.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">More
explanations may be implicital or explicated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><i><b>Dora Dragoni</b></i></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-16945998577624259442012-03-30T23:34:00.002+02:002012-11-30T14:58:50.577+01:00> 10.000<div style="text-align: center;">
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<img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5727289039414394002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgYd__IbwghqAAEpGPN16rmdJPdcfx7r601mbcM3N_i9WUeMsPF0jfxAcuNjHvnwLINyHo2DzG0ruCG2cwWz-zeC3Z_zibyhZjJZPNdeK1QWjcsJMY3RHW2j56XT1H5njdru-0c69xPdO/s320/Foto1500+-+Copia+%2528194x86%2529.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; height: 86px; width: 194px;" /></div>
D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-75330306711378913582011-10-07T14:07:00.016+02:002015-09-26T22:12:56.244+02:004) ARTICLE - endocannabinoids [2011.10.15]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 1cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 1cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SUBTITLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The actions of endocannabinoids at a peripheral and central level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KEY WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids, liver disease, central nervous system, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metabolic syndrome, insulin-resistance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids are found in the central nervous system and in the liver, and are involved in the control of different hepatic and metabolic functions. They play a role in hemodynamic alterations, in the control of fibrosis, and in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. They also regulate insulin-resistance, leptin-resistance, and metabolic syndrome. CB1 antagonists regulate hunger and weight, and reduce hepatic damage by stimulating tissue repair. CB2 agonists determine a reduced response to damage and a reduction of fibrosis in cirrhosis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The study of endocannabinoids has recently been able to correlate them with hepatic pathologies typical of major dysmetabolisms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From a metabolic point of view their action takes place mainly at a peripheral level. The activation of CB1 is related with the progression of hepatic fibrosis typical of chronic liver damage, and contributes to portal hypertension and chirrotic cardiomiopathy. CB2 seems to be associated with anti-fibrogenic effects and the regulation of phlogosis in NAFLD, mainly in regulating ischemia-reperfusion damage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Moreover endocannabinoids act on the central nervous system having as target its metabolism regulators. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The aim of this study is to obtain elements of physio-pathological logic that will permit the introduction of new agents for the treatment of chronic liver pathologies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ENDOCANNABINOIDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids are bioactive lipids capable of linkage with cannabinoid receptors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In order of discovery, they are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">arachidonoil etanolamide, anandamide – AEA – discovered in 1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2-arachidonoilglicerolo – 2AG – discovered in 1995<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2-arachidonil-gliceril-ether – 2-AGE – a structural analogue of 2AG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oleil-etanolamine – OEA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">virodamine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N-arachidonoildopamine – NADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">palmitoil-etanolamine – PEA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids are not stored in vesicles, but rather synthesized ‘on demand’ starting from membrane phosphor-lipidic precursors. The biosynthesis begins with stimulus that triggers the depolarization of cell membrane. After synthesis they are immediately released from the cell and link cannabinoids receptors on nearby cells or on the same cell that produced them, and therefore with autocrine or paracrine action. Sometimes they behave as retrogradous messengers: they are synthesized in postsynaptic cells, and then go to activate CB1 receptors of the axons in presynaptic cells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After exerting their action, the endocannabinoids are degraded or go through other processes such as: recaptation by passive diffusion through the membrane, hydrolysis, or the re-use of degraded products. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ENDOCANNABINOIDS AND METABOLISM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids are expressed mainly in the liver, of which they regulate physiology, and of different physio-pathological grades typical of metabolic pathologies (already made and dating back to central mechanisms) ranging from the generic metabolic syndrome to more specific pictures of steatosis, NAFLD (non alcoholic fatty liver disease), NASH (non alcoholic steato-hepatitis), and situations of fibrosis-cirrhosis typical of advanced phases of liver injuries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They are particularly present in different cells in association with different pathological conditions [1]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in hepatocyte we find </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB1 – associated with CBP, primitive biliar cirrhosis, diet steatosis, and alcoholic steatosis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB2 – associated with CBP, regeneration, steatosis, and NASH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">in colangiocyte we find<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB1 – associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB2 – associated with CBP, and NAFLD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids have the following functions [2]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they have an anti-stress function similar to endorphins, at both central and peripheral level<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they are produced in order to protect the organism thanks to an anti-oxidative action [3]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they have an analgesic activity [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they have a vaso-dilatory and hypotension action, with a physio-pathological role that must still be investigated further [9] [10] [11]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they have a role in modulating immune system response [12] [13] [14]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they regulate the cellular proliferation processes that lie at the basis of tumor growth [15]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they are involved in steatosis pathogenesis [16] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they are involved in obesity pathogenesis [16]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they determine the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis in the liver [16]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they have a role in hyper-dynamic circulation syndrome [16]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they are related to sodium retention and ascites formation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they are up-regulated in hepato-carcinome<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In further detail, other metabolic effects are receptor-specific [2]:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CB1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">insulin-resistance <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dislipidemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">contribution to the onset of hepatic steatosis by excessively fat diets or by chronic alcoholism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAFLD promotion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">progression of hepatic fibrosis, with action of stellate cells <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">condition of vasodilatation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pathogenesis of portal hypertension<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomiopathy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">by blocking CB1 (for example with rimonabant) which produces:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">prevention of steatosis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">slowdown of progression of fibrosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">remission of cirrhotic cardiomiopathy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">reduction of portal hypertension<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CB2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anti-inflammatory effects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anti-fibrogenetic effects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">regulation of hepatic inflammation during ischemia-reperfusion in NAFLD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in regard to their alterations at a serum level, the following have been found:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a high level of OEA, PEA in cirrhosis [17]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">an expression of anandamide and 2-AG in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion damage [18] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analyzing the variations in association with the pathologies permits the definition of: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metabolic syndrome – CB1 is a mediator of the sensation of hunger, and CB1 antagonists have been hypothesized in obesity therapy such as rimonabant [19]: the loss of weight is due to reduced food absorption and reduced lipogenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">adiponectin – a CB1 blockade determines an increase in this adipokine, with positive effects on weight and metabolic syndrome [20]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">insulin-resistance – AM6545, CB1 antagonist, determines a reduction of insulin-resistance and leptin-resistance [19]; furthermore a CB1 block determines the captation of glucose thanks to insulinic stimulation, on the contrary activated CB1 triggers glucidic intolerance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">steatosis – CB1-/- deleted rats are resistant to alcohol steatosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ischemia-reperfusion damage – a CB1 blockade determines a reduction of both damage and endotoxiemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CBP – a hyper-regulation of the cannabinoid system has been seen in primitive biliar cirrhosis, mainly expressed in hepatocytes, in the cells of biliar epitelium, and in Kupffer cells; it has also been shown how proliferant colangiocytes constitute the “neuro-endocrine compartment” of the liver, able to secrete numerous substances among which endocannabinoids; the peripheral subministration of a selective CB1 agonist (HU210) reduces pruritus induced by histamine, and mitigates the excitation of cutaneous neural fibers (with the anti-nociceptive action related to opioids) [21]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NASH – it has been viewed an hyper-expression of the CB2 receptor at the cytoplasmic level of hepatocytes, colangiocytes, and stellate cells [22]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hepatic fibrosis – THC, tetraidrocannabinol, derived from marijuana is capable of linking CB1 and CB2 receptors, and is anti-fibrotic and hepatoprotector [23]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">cirrhosis – in cirrhosis there is an increase in CBs, which has mainly been viewed an increase in CB1 in perivascular nervous fibers of resistance mesenteric arteries [24]; haemodynamic alterations associated with CB1, that determines hypotension and endotoxic shock; in particular it has been shown that in this pathology there is a rise in CB1 in endothelial cells mainly in mesenteric arteries. Moreover an increase in CB1 at receptorial level is associated with cirrhotic cardiomiopathy. On the contrary CB2 seems to be a protector against cirrhosis, and this leads to the hypothesis of using certain agonists in treating this pathology <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">portal hypertension – CB1 inhibition with SR141716A reduces hematic flux of mesenteric arteria and portal pressure <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hepatic encephalopathy – CB2 agonists (HU308) determine an improvement of cognitive function [1] and demonstrate themselves as having a positive effect on hepatic encephalopathy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ENDOCANNABINOIDS AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endocannabinoids are neuromediators involved in neural webs deputized to controlling appetite, pain perception and body temperature regulation. They have also been found in the extra-pyramidal system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The endocannabinoid system may be defined as a complex of neurotransmissions capable of regulating neuronal excitability. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB1 distribution is mainly cerebral. The primary regions, in which cannabinoids appear are fundamentally the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, nucleus caudatus, and the putamen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They have also been founded in the vagus nerve (X) branch comprehending enteric cholinergic neurons and enteric submucosa ganglia cells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The discovery of endocannabinoids receptors in the brain has linked them to the control of movement, perception, and the alterations of learning and memory processes [25]; they seem to act with opioids in pain modulation [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. They also regulate emotive states like pleasure and aggression [26] [27].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Correlations with circuitries that regulate vomit have also been found [28].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Furthermore involvements of endocannabinoids exist in the modulation of the spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis [29], while correlations with epilepsy have been underlined: endocannabinoids would act by modulating convulsive activity, with anti-convulsivant properties [30].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This series of consideration helps understand how the central nervous system is more and more considered as the key element in the regulation, prevention, and care of most major metabolic dysfunctions such as diabetes, NAFLD, or metabolic syndrome. It has often been demonstrated how therapies act also at central level and how forms of integrated therapies guarantee better success in treatment, such as in the case of behavior-cognitive psychotherapy, which is able to lead to metabolic re-balance with significant results. [31].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Given the function of CB1 in regulating hunger, the use of its antagonists has been hypothesized against obesity: in fact, it has been shown that rimonabant lead to a reduction in weight, even if associated with the onset of depression and anxiety. Agonists with metabolic effect but no effect on behavior would have the greatest potential [19].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CONCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CB1 antagonists such as rimonabant (for two weeks) have determined, in models of cirrhosis, reduction in the formation of ascites and the reduction of hepatic fibrosis [32] in animals (rats); the same molecules are also involved in reducing hepatic damage, while appearing to favor tissue reparation [1]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This helps understand how endocannabinoids are revealing themselves more and more as essential target in the therapy of dysmetabolic pathologies like NAFLD, and of its advanced stage of cirrhosis, not only thanks to the peripheral action of these molecules but also due to their central re-balancing of mechanisms at the base of metabolic dysfunctions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On the other hand we can hypothesize the use of CB2 agonists in treating hepatic cirrhosis, perhaps they would not be psychoactive: this thanks to findings that demonstrate reduced fibrosis and minor response to damage by CB2 agonist JWH-133 [33].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In light of their correlations with the central nervous system, more and more molecules capable of generating metabolic effects generally on obesity and on organ metabolic dysfunctions like NAFLD can be hypothesized, even if doubts arise in regard to which central functions are specifically controlled. It is certain however that a correct and metabolically-controlled lifestyle (thanks to diet and physical activity) with a more global interpretation of how metabolism is conceived, remains the basis for interaction with other forms of therapy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tam%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tam J</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Liu%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Liu J</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mukhopadhyay%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mukhopadhyay B</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Cinar%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cinar R</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Godlewski%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Godlewski G</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kunos%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kunos G</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(2011) Endocannabinoids in liver disease. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21254182" title="Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)."><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hepatology.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 2011 Jan;53(1):346-55. doi: 10.1002/hep.24077.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin WJ, Fields HL. (1998) An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature. 1998 Sep 24;395(6700):381-3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Calignano A, La Rana G, Giuffrida A, Piomelli D. (1998) Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature, (1998) 394:277-281. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Welch SP, Eads M. (1999) Synergistic interactions of endogenous opioids and cannabinoid systems. Brain Res. 1999 Nov 27;848(1-2):183-90. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. (2004) The endogenous cannabinoid system and its role in nociceptive behavior. Neurobiol. 2004 Oct;61(1):149-60. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wagner JA, Varga K, Ellis EF, Rzigalinski BA, Martin BR, Kunos G. (1997) Activation of peripheral CB1 cannabinoid receptors in haemorrhagic shock. Nature, (1997) 390:518-521. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Varga K, Wagner JA, Bridgen DT, Kunos G. (1998) Platelet- and macrophage-derived endogenous cannabinoids are involved in endotoxin-induced hypotension. FASEB J, (1998) 12:1035-1044. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Randall MD, Kendall DA, O'Sullivan S. (2004) The complexities of the cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 May;142(1):20-6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bisogno T, Maurelli S, Melck D, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. (1997) Biosynthesis, uptake, and degradation of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide in leukocytes. J Biol Chem, (1997) 272:3315-3323. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M. Salzet, C. Breton, T. Bisogno and V. Di Marzo (2000) “Comparative biology of the endocannabinoid system. Possible role in the immune response” ,Eur. J. Biochem.(2000), 267, 4917-4927<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Croxford JL, Yamamura T. (2005) Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Sep;166(1-2):3-18. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bifulco M, Di Marzo V. (2002) Targeting the endocannabinoid system in cancer therapy: a call for further research. Nat Med. 2002 Jun;8(6):547-50.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Caraceni%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Caraceni P</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Viola%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Viola A</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; 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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Domenicali%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Domenicali M</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Caraceni%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Caraceni P</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Giannone%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Giannone F</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pertosa%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pertosa AM</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Principe%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Principe A</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Zambruni%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zambruni A</span></a>, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Trevisani%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trevisani F</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Croci%20T%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Croci T</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bernardi%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bernardi M</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(2009) Cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism delays ascites formation in rats with cirrhosis. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=cannabinoid%20antagonism%20ascites%20cirrhosis" title="Gastroenterology."><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gastroenterology.</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2009 Jul;137(1):341-9. Epub 2009 Jan 14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mu%C3%B1oz-Luque%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Muñoz-Luque J</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ros%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ros J</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Fern%C3%A1ndez-Varo%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fernández-Varo G</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tugues%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tugues S</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Morales-Ruiz%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Morales-Ruiz M</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Alvarez%20CE%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alvarez CE</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Friedman%20SL%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Friedman SL</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Arroyo%20V%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arroyo V</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Jim%C3%A9nez%20W%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jiménez W</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(2008) Regression of fibrosis after chronic stimulation of cannabinoid CB2 receptor in cirrhotic rats. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=regression%20of%20fibrosis%20cb2%20munoz" title="The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics."><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">J Pharmacol Exp Ther.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 2008 Feb;324(2):475-83. Epub 2007 Nov 20.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-14488626790574060402011-09-18T11:50:00.021+02:002015-09-26T22:12:29.870+02:006) ARTICLE - dopamine [2012.I]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Dopamine</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US">KEY WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Dopamine, mental states, conditioning,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US">plasticity, autonomous nervous system,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Parkinson, psychosis, reward deficiency syndrome, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">mirror neurons, default network, addiction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-US">SUMMARY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced in: the sub cortex, the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala and the mesencephalic ventral tegmental area (VTA), where the reward pathway is situated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It has an effect on the heart and vessels by tying the beta1, beta2 and alpha receptors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine varies physiologically, determining all these natural alterations which are typical of every different mental state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It is also involved in many pathologies: Parkinson, depression, psychosis, addiction and dysmetabolism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Lastly, it is involved in therapeutic processes: many types of conditioning take place thanks to raised dopamine levels, and each cognitive therapeutic system recreates neural webs which have positive effects on dopaminergic circuitries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine is a protein with a neurotransmettitorial function, a catecholamine. A precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline, it is produced in different enkephalic locations; it is typical of the sub cortex, the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the mesencephalic VTA, where the reward pathway is situated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It also acts on systems other than the central nervous system. It is able to have an effect on the heart and on vessels. Other than being able to act on dopaminergic receptors it is able to tie other kinds of receptor: beta1 with chronotropic and positive inotropic effects, beta2 from which it produces vasodilatation, and finally alphas which mediate a vasoconstriction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine varies physiologically, determining those natural alterations typical of every different mental state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Moreover, it is involved in many pathologies: the par-excellence pathology with a dopaminergic alteration is Parkinson’s disease; dopamine is typically reduced in depressive states, altered with an hyperactivity tendency in psychosis and in dissociative states, in disequilibrium, in dependency and in the reward pathway syndrome. It is also altered in all dysmetabolism disorders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">However, it is also involved in therapeutic processes: many conditionings take place thanks to augmented levels of dopamine, and every therapeutic cognitive system tends to recreate neural webs with positive effects on dopaminergic circuitries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF DOPAMINE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The chemical formula for dopamine is C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2. Its chemical name is “4-(2-amminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diole”, and its acronym is DA. As all catecholamines, it is composed of a benzenic ring with two oxydrilic groups, to which it associates an ethyl-aminic group. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It is synthesized in the nervous tissue and in the adrenal medulla. Synthesis begins from tyrosine, in levo form: L-tyrosine. L-DOPA is then obtained; dopa-decarboxylase acts on it by removing the –COOH group, producing dopamine. From dopamine we obtain noradrenaline, another neurotransmitter, thanks to another enzyme (an hydroxylase). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine is stored in vesicles, which become synaptic vesicles, released in synapsis after an action potential. At this level it can be uptaken repeatedly and catabolized. Catecholaminic derivates are obtained through one of the actions of COMT and MAO enzymes; through another action, homovanillic acid, which is for example detectable in urine as a comparison of the catecholaminergic activity of metabolism, is obtained. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Many drugs act in synaptical locations: antagonists inhibit dopamine release at this level; conversely agonists raise the releasing of the neurotransmitter at nervous termination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine acts on some receptors, whose expression depends on an over-regulation carried out by many neurotransmitters. Each receptor has a proper affinity for tying both with dopamine and with agonists and antagonists. The main receptors are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">D1 – only postsynaptical; they are found in the striatum, in the thalamus, in the limbic system, in the hippocampus, in the hypothalamus. Their agonists are apomorphine (a drug used in Parkinson’s disease and in erectile dysfunction), and pergolide (indicated in Parkinson’s). The main agonist is haloperidol and its analogues (used as neuroleptics). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">D1 receptors are responsible for the vasodilatation of vessels, mainly in the kidneys and in splanchnic (abdominal), coronary and cerebral vessels. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">D2 – pre and post synaptic; they are found in the striatum, in the substantia nigra and in the hypophysis. Its agonists are: apomorphine, pramipexole, ropirinole (drugs used in Parkinson’s disease therapy). Its antagonists: haloperidol, clozapine, clorpromaxine (used in psychotic conditions). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">D4 – frontal cortex, brain stem, mesencephalon. It has the same agonists and antagonist as D2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The main system on which dopamine acts is that of the reward pathway, based on the reward concept, but it also includes some neural links which associate hypothalamic needs (neurovegetative) to emotions, among which, the main one is that of well-being, typical of the limbic system (cortical). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The place with major density of dopaminergic receptors is the mesencephalic area called the VTA. The links which make it possible to perceive vessels at a conscious level are linked bysinaptically (to and from): <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">cortex: limbic (emotive) and frontal (finalized behavior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">basal ganglia: striatum, amygdala, nucleus accumbens (emotion)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">hypothalamus and insula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->low brain stem<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->periaqueductal grey system.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It is important to distinguish the medial system from the lateral system for all the consequences deriving from this, from a physio-pathological point of view. The medial system is mainly involved in the elaboration of stimuli and of neural webs that lead to the feelings of reward and gratification: those neural webs involve different kinds of cortex and basal ganglia, mainly ventro-medial striatum and the medial amygdala, and medial parts of the brain stem, which are then connected to parasympathetic branches. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The lateral system involves mechanisms which are linked to the attention concept and those which are transferred to stress metabolism, and all the pathologies which derive from it in different ways. The lateral system concerns: the cortex, the basal ganglia, in particular the ventro-lateral striatum and the lateral amygdala, the main part of hypothalamus (its axis CRH-ACTH, starting point for the stress system), the insula, and finally the RAA, the reticular ponto-bulbar activating substance of the brain stem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This shows how dopamine is not only the molecule of pleasure and of gratification, but it is also able to act as a vehicle for stress messages. Stimuli which are not correctly oriented through well-being conditions after GABA-ergic circuitries, are shifted to lateral systems, where impulses are transmitted by dopamine. This system is involved in many degenerative pathologies in which, one or more alterations at mental level, associated with other factors lead to some dysmetabolism and create situations such as: atherosclerosis, Cushing’s syndrome and also diabetes mellitus. These pathologies have an hypertrophy of lateral system, a raise of the hypothalamic axis CRH-ACTH, with derived consequences in common: the hypertrophy of the adrenal glands, the raising of the cortisol levels, and stress molecules leading to many proteolysis. Vessels tend to degenerate and to become older, hunger is augmented and food which raises glycaemia is preferred (for a never-satisfied reward), there is some weight gain and the lipidic prophile worsens. Only a re-balance which is also mental, can take the encephalon towards a prevalence of the medial over the lateral axis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">DOPAMINE AND THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine also acts as a molecule which is able to regulate the autonomous nervous system, that branch of the nervous system which is autonomous and as it can be said, does not have a superior control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Delta dopaminergic receptors are present in the whole cardiovascular system, regulated at a central level by the insula, but controlled mainly at a peripheral level near those organs (which are innerved by a branch of the vagus nerve and by orthosympathetic system mainly cervico-thoracic). These are delta receptors, on which dopamine acts at the level of all major vascular systems: renal, splancnic-entherical, coronaric and cerebral. The prevalent effect is that of a vasodilatation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Other receptors that dopamine can tie are the beta receptors, which are typical mainly of adrenaline. This has an inotrope and chronotrope positive effect on the heart: it raises the contraction force, and therefore the cardiac output, and it raises cardiac frequency. The consequence on the vessels is that of vasodilatation. On the other hand, there is a vasoconstriction when dopamine ties alpha receptors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">MENTAL STATES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">There are many variations of mental states (also called conscience states) that each person can perceive, but generally three of them can be identified: wake, sleep and hypnosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Each mental state in the brain corresponds to specific electrical activities which are recordable through EEG, electroencephalogram, to which there is also a correspondence of neurotransmettitorial variations mainly at a cortico-subcortical level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">During the wake state, a major consciousness oriented to external reality is present, during the sleep state, attention is oriented towards interiority, and during hypnosis there is a varying conscious interaction towards interiority. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This corresponds to a differently oriented activation throughout those encephalic structures (more or less deep), to which corresponds a reduced frequency of EEG rhythm waves and a higher prevalence of dopamine levels: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">beta rhythm (30-13,5 c/s) – the typical rhythm of cortical activity. The prevalent neurotransmitters in the cortex are serotonin, adrenaline, noradrenaline and many hormones that distinguish different cortical strati (oxytocin, androgens, estrogens).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">alpha rhythm (13-8 c/s) – a slower rhythm, at cortico-subcortical level. This is the level which presents the elaboration of the conscience level, it is here that people choose whether or not to access their unconscious or whether to activate some circuitries referring to the cortex, the place of many ego-defenses. This is the rhythm of the default network activity [1]: mental areas involved at rest, active areas when there is not a finalized action. It is in this place that cognitive therapies function. Hypnosis, on the other hand, acts mainly on the sub cortex, by reducing the conscience condition. Generally speaking we are in either a wake or rest condition. So there is a sub cortex prevalence with a rise in dopamine levels. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">theta rhythm (7,5-4 c/s) – mainly typical of babies’ minds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">delta rhythm (4-0,5 c/s) – typical condition of different phases of sleep, in which differences in shape and typical complexes alternate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The hypnosis state is deeper the longer we remain in the unconscious (sub cortex).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">To different states of conscience correspond variations in the rhythm of breathing, variations in pupil diameters for the prevalence of an alarmed or relaxed state (orthosympathetic and parasympathetic, III cranial nerve, Edinger and Westphal nucleus) and modification in color. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">DOPAMINE AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PATHOLOGIES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">There are some pathologies in the neuropsychiatry in which dopamine is involved with different roles: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Parkinson’s<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7864143019818870486" name="_GoBack"></a> disease – the cause (for the production of free radicals and oxydative stress) is the degeneration of pigmentati neurons of the pars compacta of the mesencephalic substantia nigra, to which follows the lack of dopaminergic stimulation to the striatum; it begins in about the 7th decade of life with tremors at rest which worsen in stressful conditions, and to which rigidity, bradikinesy, amimia, hypophonia and micrography are associated. Therapy is carried out with: dopamine agonists, carbidopa/levodopa combinations, selegiline (inhibiting MAO-B), COMT inhibitors, entecapone, tolcapone, amantadine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Psychosis and dissociative states – it has been found how in every psychotic condition, characterized by the absence in people’s thoughts of a reality principle, and often associated to positive symptoms, whether it is isolated or part of a more complex situation of schizophrenia, in which deliria and hallucinations prevail, a raise of dopamine levels (the so called ‘dopaminergic hypothesis’), probably more than simply augmented not regulated in the formulation of functional thoughts is present. There is a similar condition in dissociative states whether they are personality diseases such as schizoid and schizotypal or, the dissociations leading to a multiple personality disorder. For this kind of pathology the drugs used are neuroleptics: drugs of haloperidol family and chlorpromazine family. These are dopaminergic antagonists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Depression – in depression there is a decrease of all cortical and sub cortical neurotransmitters, particularly of serotonin and dopamine, and also of noradrenaline. The patient has a depressed-irritable mood or lack of normal interest-pleasure for at least two weeks in combination with various symptoms: variations of hunger and of weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, weakness and loss of energy, psycho-motor slowdown or agitation, feelings of inadequacy or self-undermining or also a sense of guilt, reduced ability to concentrate and make a decision, recurring thoughts of death or suicide. Principal therapies are: ATC, tricyclic antidepressants that inhibit the neurotrasmettitorial recaptation mainly at an adrenergic level; SSRI, serotonin recaptation inhibitors; MAOI, which inhibit the MAO monoaminoxydase type A (noradrenaline) and type B (dopamine).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Addictions – in all addictions, such as gambling, alcohol addiction or chemical addiction, there is an alteration of the dopaminergic system mainly at reward level, for which the subject has a high demand. Recent studies [2] have shown that by administering cannabis or cocaine, the level of dopamine rises. The therapy of these pathologies is mainly at a conscious level: the subject must change his way of perceiving himself in wider contexts than just those of the intake of the substance, perhaps by substituting pathological addictions with others which are useful to well-being. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Reward deficiency syndrome [3] – a low reward syndrome, typical of individuals who have low basal dopamine levels in the reward pathway, characterized by hypo-dopaminemias, with the tendency to search every source leading to high dopamine, verging from addiction to dysmetabolisms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dysmetabolisms – the same mechanism that takes place in pathological addictions takes place even in food addictions, mainly when assumed in an unregulated way [4]. Furthermore, many molecules acting on the regulation of glucidic and lipidic metabolisms such as insulin, leptin and adiponectin, are actually involved in the superior and central regulation of this metabolism. It has been shown that insulin is able to raise the precursor of dopamine (mRNAs), at a mesencephalic level, which explains why diabetic people get to pathology phases in which more and more insulin is necessary for a peripheral and central re-balancing of the individual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">DOPAMINE IN THERAPY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Relatively high dopamine is fundamental in each process of mental elaboration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">It has been shown how hyper-dopaminemia conditions are present concomitantly to the activation of mirror neurons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Mirror neurons are those particular neurons of the prefrontal pre-motor cortex which are activated when we observe a finalized action taking place in front of us, or when we read or listen to the description in order to emulate it. The activation takes place with an automatic mechanism immediately and in an unavoidable way. The effect is not only that of predisposing to action, but also of rebounding on other mental areas so as to involve us in a synchronic and empathic way towards a situation, a consequence that explains the ‘power of the word’. Empathy, the capacity of living the mental state of others, therefore derives from those mechanisms typical of gratification and of Pavlovian conditioning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Recent studies [5] have shown how the synchronization of dopaminergic neurons, particularly of mesencephalic ones, is activated by events which are able to activate rewards. It is true then, that relative hyper-dopaminemia states are those able to condition the formation of new neural webs that imprint themselves on certain neural frequencies and certain conformations of neural webs. Another step towards conditioning is that of the activation of a reward: if that condition activates reward, the well-being sensation will bring a gratification to the individual so as to have a strengthening of the situation that led to that ‘neural arrangement’, characterized by certain thoughts, certain emotions, and all the consequences of the case. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This is possible thanks to brain plasticity, formed by perpetual neurons but also furnished of neural stem cells so that we can continuously re-elaborate the content and the form of our mind after the interaction with the environment. The brain continuously reviews itself so as to strengthen those neural paths with more advantages and well-being and, on the contrary, to modify thoughts, that is, neural webs which are still not correctly formed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Relatively high rates of dopamine are involved in all principal psychotherapies: cognitive-behavioral therapy or hypnotherapy, but mainly in the correction of ises. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy in fact acts on those cortico-subcortical circuitries typical of subconscious mechanisms, where the unconscious led to certain behavioral choices variably controlled by the conscious, and has determined the preference of certain ways of approaching that subject, acts automatically despite the doubtful advantage of the situation. Such psychotherapy calls into question the ways of thinking of the subject, who by analyzing each thought and each behavior learns to evaluate the effects of his way of thinking and acting, particularly noticing which emotions derive from them, considering if such hypotheses lead to correct well-being or not. So it is a form of psychotherapy which modifies numerous encephalic structures, so that the subject is more conscious of his sub cortical system of approach, by making thicker neural webs from the cortex to sub cortex, a typical dopaminergic location.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hypnosis exploits relatively high dopamine mental states to carry out its therapeutic effect [6]: it is based on a voluntary reduction of the cortical function in the subject, to which follows a parallel rise in sub cortical activity, in order to carry out a review of all that was lived and of what is part of the unconscious, which has been re-elaborated thanks to the help of the hypnotherapist. The subject will ‘cut his/her knots’ thanks to a trance status, the first point of a deep work of revision of the mental state of a person. The patient will reach suggested objectives when he/she becomes conscious of the procedures lying behind the pathologies or dysfunctions noticed, and he/she subconsciously becomes the owner of an optimized way of thinking and way of perceiving emotions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Continuous thought conditionings take place, during hypnosis sessions, by making prevail those ideas which lead to greater usefulness and well-being for the subject, by emphasizing those neural webs that the subject will retrace spontaneously in a semi-automatic way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Particularly high levels of dopamine will be found in those sessions in which the subject will find himself/herself solving situations that provoked abreaction, with a sort of living traumatic event, or to solve ises, the so called repeated scenes, those traumas that the subject has removed for years and has found himself/herself facing many times in an ineffective way because they were never really analyzed initially. Therapy will be more effective as the subject will live and solve his/her traumas during a trance, by making hypotrophic ise areas that lead to traumas, and by seeing everything in a different way, by associating the (cortical) deterrence of the case to something optimistic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Other than therapies for pathologies directly connected to the mind, other therapeutic forms do exist, and are able to act on the reward system: typically, diterpenes, those of coffee or those of stevia, a plant which regulates metabolism (useful in diabetes) and nootropic, which are able to raise dopamine levels. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine has been recently identified as a success molecule [7]. It seems to be at basis of personal motivation. The most motivated people to pursuit and reach their objectives are those with more D2 receptors for dopamine in the striatum, the place which, more than others, regulates behaviors oriented to obtaining a reward, influencing frontal cortical areas involved in decisional processes, in adjusting behavior to contest and in reasoning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dopamine is a fundamental molecule in the whole central nervous system. Its balance, made possible by correct thoughts which direct emotions of well-being and gratification, is fundamental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>ARTICLES<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mason%20MF%22%5BAuthor%5D">Mason MF</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Norton%20MI%22%5BAuthor%5D">Norton MI</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Van%20Horn%20JD%22%5BAuthor%5D">Van Horn JD</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wegner%20DM%22%5BAuthor%5D">Wegner DM</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Grafton%20ST%22%5BAuthor%5D">Grafton ST</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Macrae%20CN%22%5BAuthor%5D">Macrae CN</a><span lang="DE">. </span><span lang="EN-US">(2007) Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Wandering%20Minds%3A%20The%20Default%20Network%20and%20Stimulus-Independent%20Thought%20Malia%20F.%20Mason%2C1*%20Michael%20I.%20Norton%2C2%20John%20D.%20Van%20Horn%2C1%20Daniel%20M.%20Wegner%2C3%20Scott%20T.%20Grafton%2C1%20C.%20Neil%20Macrae4">Science.</a><span lang="EN-US"> 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):393-5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Blum%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D">Blum K</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Chen%20TJ%22%5BAuthor%5D">Chen TJ</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Chen%20AL%22%5BAuthor%5D">Chen AL</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Madigan%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">Madigan M</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Downs%20BW%22%5BAuthor%5D">Downs BW</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Waite%20RL%22%5BAuthor%5D">Waite RL</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Braverman%20ER%22%5BAuthor%5D">Braverman ER</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kerner%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">Kerner M</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bowirrat%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D">Bowirrat A</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Giordano%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D">Giordano J</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Henshaw%20H%22%5BAuthor%5D">Henshaw H</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gold%20MS%22%5BAuthor%5D">Gold MS</a><span lang="EN-US">. (2010) Do dopaminergic gene polymorphisms affect mesolimbic reward activation of music listening response? Therapeutic impact on Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914781">Med Hypotheses.</a><span lang="EN-US"> 2010 Mar;74(3):513-20. Epub 2009 Nov 14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Volkow%20ND%22%5BAuthor%5D">Volkow ND</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wang%20GJ%22%5BAuthor%5D">Wang GJ</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Fowler%20JS%22%5BAuthor%5D">Fowler JS</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tomasi%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Tomasi D</a><span lang="DE">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Telang%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D">Telang F</a><span lang="DE">. </span><span lang="EN-US">(2011) Quantification of Behavior Sackler Colloquium: Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Addiction%3A%20Beyond%20dopamine%20reward%20circuitry%20Nora%20D.%20Volkowa%2Cb%2C1%2C%20Gene-Jack%20Wangc%2C%20Joanna%20S.%20Fowlerc%2C%20Dardo%20Tomasib%2C%20and%20Frank%20Telangb">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.</a><span lang="EN-US"> 2011 Mar 14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Figlewicz (2009) Insulin leptin & food reward; Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R9-R19, 2009. First published October 22, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Joshua, Synchronization of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Is Enhanced by Rewarding Events; Neuron, </span><a href="http://www.cell.com/neuron/issue?pii=S0896-6273(09)X0012-7">Volume 62, Issue 5</a><span lang="EN-US">, 695-704, 11 June 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dragoni D (2010) Ipnosi e reward pathway; SMIPI Rivista Medica Italiana di Psicoterapia e ipnosi; 2010, vol 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Martinez%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Martinez D</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Orlowska%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Orlowska D</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Narendran%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D">Narendran R</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Slifstein%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">Slifstein M</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Liu%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D">Liu F</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kumar%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Kumar D</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Broft%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D">Broft A</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Van%20Heertum%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D">Van Heertum R</a><span lang="EN-US">, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kleber%20HD%22%5BAuthor%5D">Kleber HD</a><span lang="EN-US"> (2010) Dopamine type 2/3 receptor availability in the striatum and social status in human volunteers; </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19811777">Biol Psychiatry.</a><span lang="EN-US"> 2010 Feb 1;67(3):275-8. Epub 2009 Oct 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<i>BOOKS<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kasper (2005) Harrison’s Principi di Medicina Interna, McGrawHill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Katzung (2004) Farmacologia generale e clinica, VI edizione italiana condotta sulla IX edizione americana curata dal Prof Paolo Preziosi, PICCIN<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 37.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hilgard’s Introduzione alla psicologia (1999) Piccin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">DSM-IV-TR, Text Revision, Elsevier-Masson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Kevin Hogan (2001) The New Hypnotherapy Handbook: Hypnosis and Mind/Body Healing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 37.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Riccardo Arone di Bertolino (2003) L’ipnosi per un medico, Edizioni Martina Bologna<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 37.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Rizzolatti G., Sinigaglia C (2006), So quel che fai, Il cervello che agisce e i neuroni specchio, Raffaello Cortina Editore<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 37.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ian H. Robertson (1999) Il cervello plastico, Rizzoli.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 28.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Robert Sapolsky (2006) Perché alle zebre non viene l’ulcera, Orme Editori.</div>
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<o:p> </o:p></div>
D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-46068043212580107242011-06-21T19:52:00.014+02:002015-09-26T22:11:05.871+02:003) ARTICLE - stevia & reward pathway [2011.06.29]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 16.0cm; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Stevia & Reward Pathway</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">SUBTITLE</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">The miracle of stevia explained from a neuro-scientiphical point of view: the actions on mesencephalic reward pathway. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">KEY WORDS</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Stevia, reward pathway, diabetes,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">glucosides, diterpenes, metencephalon,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The effect on the mesencephalic reward pathway by many molecules contained in Stevia rebaudiana bertoni, a classically anti-diabetic plant with a central action: glycosides with mainly sweetener function, and diterpenes excitant on the CNS. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thanks to their actions on the VTA, the isosteviol, stevioside and rebaudioside molecules in particular have hypo-tension and hypo-glycemic effects that benefit both diabetic and dismetabolism dysfunction patients and healthy people as well, given that they are nootropic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">STEVIA, DITERPENES & VTA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stevia rebaudiana bertoni is a herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family, originally from an area between Paraguay and Brasil, that grows to a height of 80 cm when fully matured and has green oblong toothed leaves with small and white flowers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Its properties were known to South American natives, who used it as sweetener, while also enjoying its relaxing anti-hypertensive effects. The first scientist to describe the properties of its leaves was the Paraguaian botanic Bertoni in 1887; leaves had some effects: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypo-tension inducing but also energizing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypo-glycemic with glucide homeostasis regulation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digestive</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">re-equilibrator of the skin and mucosae (and of entire oral system, with the prevention of caries for example) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stevia is by now considered one of the best existing medical herbs. In the city of Birigui they talk of the “miracle of stevia” thanks to its therapeutic properties against diabetes, hypertension, and various infections, with the creation of a real local market involving also bars and restaurants: stevia is also used in infusions and also as basal sweetener. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A chemical analysis of the plant’s chemical compound shows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glucosides (sweeteners): stevioside (a-3), rebaudioside (AF), dulcoside (AB). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diterpenes (excitant on CNS): steviosides, rebaudiosides, isosteviol. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flavonoide, vitamins A and C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After excluding all possible toxicity, studies [5] have identified numerous properties: antihypertensive, tonic over heart (thanks to glycosides similar to digitalic ones), anti-diabetic and central sweetener: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stevioside acts as a typical systemic vasodilator, determining hypotension, natriuresis and diuresis with an increase in GFR, due to its hypo-tension qualities [6]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stevioside acts directly on beta-cell determining insulin secretion [7, 8], because it is anti-hyperglycemic and hypo-glycemic [9]; at the molecular level it has been demonstrated by underlying as the molecule activates acetilCoA carboxilase and the expression of ACC gene, both involved in a secretion that is qualitatively and quantitatively better of insulin from beta-cell, thanks to K+-ATP channel normally helped by receptors for sulfanilureae [10]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">being diterpenes, stevioside and rebaudioside have effects in the central nervous system and a sweetening power 300 times more than sugar, function due to their neurotransmitting essence; this means a reduction in the sensation of hunger with beneficial effects mostly for patients with diabetes and obesity thanks to which property the Loanio University-2004 International Symposium acclaimed their use as sweeteners, being already used as integrators in 1995 in USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">isosteviol, with mainly a diterpenic action, was shown to modify the expression of genes regulating insulin (GLUT2, Ins1, Ins2,…) and determining an up-regulation in the expression of the genes of beta-cells and the successive improvement of both sensitivity to glucose and the lipid profile [11].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The situation is characterized by the many functions played by diterpenic glycosides, which stimulate insulin sensitivity with a direct action on beta-cells thanks to genic up-regulation, with a consequent increase in the quantity of insulin; this leads to a re-organization of the glycemic metabolism at a peripheral level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The greatest effect is on VTA. The rise in insulin and genic re-equilibrium reduce insulin-resistance and rehabilitate the reward function, with a relative increase in dopamine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The effect of stevia on the reward mesencephalic mechanism is mainly achieved by its diterpenes stevioside, rebaudioside and isosteviol, which reveal themselves to be nootropic molecules. Diterpenes are molecules that are intrinsically capable of directly acting on the dopaminergic system [12]: they are formed by four unities of isoprenes with a complexive formula C20H32, and their action consists in increasing adenilil-cyclasic activity with final dopaminergic stimulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The analogy may be seen in the molecular action of steviosides: in the same way in which they link sulfanilureae receptors associated on the plasmatic membrane of pancreatic beta-cells at K+ ATP dependent channels with consequent closure of the K+ channel, depolarization, entrance of Ca++ and insulin secretion (even if it has been shown that insulin secretion is induced also directly [8]), in fact, diterpenic glycosides inhibit (in roughly the same way as digitalis on miocyte) Na+/K+/ATPase with relative increase in intracellular Na+ and electrochemical balances so to create an increase in dopamine [12]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The increase in dopamine is therefore the basis for a resumption of the reward mechanisms that take place in mesencephalic VTA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARTICLES<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mari A, Pacini G, Murphy E, Ludvik B, Nolan JJ (2001) A model-based method for assessing insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care 2001;24:539-548.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mari A, Pacini G, Brazzale AR, Ahren B. (2005) Comparative evaluation of simple insulin sensitivity methods based on the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetologia 2005;48:748-751.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figlewicz D, Benoit S; (2009) Insulin leptin & food reward; Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R9-R19. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galli A (2007) Insulin brain impact links drugs and diabetes, PLoS Biology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geuns JMC, Buyse J, Vankeirsbilck A, Temme EHM (2007) Metabolism of stevioside by healthy subjects, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 232:164-173 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, Liu JC, Liang TH, Huang TY et al. (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study; </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80334-X" target="doilink"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80334-X</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abudula R, Matchkov VV, Jeppesen PB, Nilsson H, Aalkjaer C, Hermansen K (2008) Rebaudioside A directly stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells; Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 10(11):1074-85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Poulsen CR, Hermansen K (2000) Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin; Metabolism: clinical and experimental 2000;49(2):208-14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ferreira EB, de Assis RNF, de Costa MA, do Prado WA, De Araùjo FFL, Bazotte RB (2006) Comparative effects of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and stevioside on glycaemia and hepatic gluconeogenesis, Planta Med, 72(8):691-6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 28.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0cm;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chen J, Jeppesen PB, Nordentoft I, Hermansen K (2007)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.biomedexperts.com/Abstract.bme/17341549/Stevioside_improves_pancreatic_beta-cell_function_during_glucotoxicity_via_regulation_of_acetyl-CoA_carboxylase"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stevioside improves pancreatic beta-cell function during glucotoxicity via regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism; 292(6):E1906-16</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #626262; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nordentoft I, Jeppesen P B, Hong J, Abudula R, Hermansen K (2008)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.biomedexperts.com/Abstract.bme/18201205/Isosteviol_increases_insulin_sensitivity_and_changes_gene_expression_of_key_insulin_regulatory_genes_and_transcription_f"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Isosteviol increases insulin sensitivity and changes gene expression of key insulin regulatory genes and transcription factors in islets of the diabetic KKAy mouse.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Diabetes, obesity & metabolism; 10(10):939-49.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Georgieva JV (1991) Influences of diterpene sclareol glycol on some dopamine related behavior; GenPharmacol, 22(2):331-5 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">BOOKS</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Hilgard’s (1999) Introduzione alla psicologia, Piccin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">Kasper (2005) Harrison’s Principi di Medicina Interna, McGrawHill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-31903940977594361502011-05-25T15:13:00.021+02:002015-09-26T22:10:37.744+02:005) ARTICLE - insulin & reward pathway [2012.01.09]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin & reward pathway<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUBTITLE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin functions between metabolism and neuroscience<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEY WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diabetes, dopamine, insulin, insulin-resistance, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reward pathway, metabolic syndrome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTRODUCTIVE SUMMARY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diabetes, one of the most diffused pathologies in the world (according to the most recent statistics of the World Health Organization 366.000.000 people in the world are affected; 5.374.000 in Italy, corresponding to about 10% of the population [1]), has in insulin-resistance the founding element. Even if the action of the hormone insulin is mostly peripheral, recent studies show that the central nervous system is actually a key-target of insulin function, and particularly the VTA, a mesencephalic anterior area. Therefore diabetes, previously considered mostly an endocrine system pathology, has now been shown to follow neuro-scientiphic logic in its pathogenesis and also generally in each manifestation. This idea, proved by much scientific research [2-5], permits a new way of seeing the diabetic pathology in itself and every therapeutic consequence, from a more global perspective that is also more centered on each patient at the same time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WHAT IS DIABETES?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic pathologies having in common hyper-glycaemia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After a certain level (100 mg/dL) has been exceeded, glucose normally enters into the cells throughout transmembrane proteins-transport channel GLUT4. This entrance permits a lowering of glycaemia and the utilization of glucose especially in skeletal muscle tissue and in the liver (where it becomes glycogen) and in adipose tissue (where it becomes triglycerides). Anabolism consists in the formation of new molecules starting from glucose, with parallel tissue heightening. The anabolic function is fostered by insulin, produced by the beta-cells of the pancreas insulae. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin is a proteic hormone characterized by two chains linked by two bridge disolfuro: chain A of 21 aminoacids and chain B of 30 aminoacids. It is secreted after a metabolic-cellular pathway: hyper-glycaemia makes the glucose go into the beta-cell throughout the GLUT 2 transporters. The effects are: the secretion of already produced insulin, and the production of neo-synthesis insulin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two elements are always present in diabetic pathology: hyper-glycaemia and a contemporary dysfunction of the activity of insulin, which is either reduced or altered. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TYPES OF DIABETES<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are various types of diabetes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diabetes type 1, in which the normal absorption of sugars in peripheral tissue based on the insulin stimulus is reduced, with consequent hyper-glycaemia, caused by a genetic deficit of insulin and ketoacidosis risk <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diabetes type 2, in which hyper-glycaemia characterizes a heterogeneous group of pathology, with different degrees of insulin-resistance, altered secretion of insulin, and excessive hepatic glucose production<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diabetes type 3, recently discovered [6] is the typically encephalic diabetes, linked in 65% of cases to Alzheimer pathology that it has also been defined “double diabetes” due to the coexistence at the same time of conditions characteristic of both diabetes type 1 and insulin-resistance. It has been observed that the brain produces insulin as pancreas does, and that in diabetes type 3 there is a central insulin-resistance and the deposition of proteic plaques similar to those typical of Alzheimer pathology at the same time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In this situation the central nervous system has a key-role towards diabetic pathology: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there are neurons producing insulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin is important in diabetes type 3 pathogenesis, and linked with Alzheimer pathology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin acts on the encephalic structures (hypothalamus, mesencephalon, reward pathway) involved in the central regulation of diabetes itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The function of the central nervous system towards diabetes can consequently be hypothesized for all the three types of diabetes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RISK FACTORS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The risk factors for diabetes are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">familiarity for diabetes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">obesity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sedentary lifestyle <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ethnic origin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hypertension<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hypercholesterolemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vasculopathies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE PATHOGENESIS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pathogenesis is distinguished by a progression: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in the not still clinically manifested pathology phases, there is a normal tolerance to glucides, a good quantity of basal fast insulin continually secreted, and a post-prandial secretion of insulin (still produced and from a neo-synthesis) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on the contrary, when a condition of altered equilibrium begins: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">less basal fast insulin is secreted <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">less post-prandial insulin is secreted <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there is an increase in the glycaemia level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the consequence is hyper-glycaemia caused by the little amount of insulin for less stimulation to the peripheral tissue using glucose which normally goes into the tissue thanks to the effect of insulin on them with an anabolic function<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The toxicity is dual:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">from glucides – high glucose acts on cells leading to an insulin-resistance condition that consists in two elements:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a reduction of insulin receptors </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">altered post-receptorial functioning of insulin itself <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">this takes place <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in primis on the pancreatic beta-cell, which is less and less able to absume glucose, with consequent less synthesis and less secretion of insulin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on the retina: with a possible retinopathy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and on the kidney, from which nephropathy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">from lipids – there is an elevation of free fatty acids (FFA) toxic particularly on beta-cell. The elevation of lipids is typical of metabolic syndrome, frequently associated to diabetic pathology; dysmetabolic patients have characteristics of: central obesity with augmented waist circumference, arterial hypertension, increased triglycerides, less HDL cholesterol, and insulin-resistance to diabetes.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">THE CLINIC<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In addition to the characteristics of an obesity condition above (diabetes type 2), diabetic patient has at exordium: polyuria (augmentation of the quantity of urine), polydipsia (increased thirstiness), polyphagia vs loss of weight (particularly in diabetes type 1), weakness, augmented frequency of superficial infections and low tendency of wound healing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Complications may be: retinopathy, kidney failure, polyneuropathies, gastroenteric alterations, frequent infections of urinary system, erectile dysfunction, coronaropathy and cardiopathy, diabetic foot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">THE DIAGNOSIS</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosis is based on parameters that measure fast glycaemia and after reaching an oral quantity of glucose [2,3]: we talk about a normal glycaemia if less than 110 mg/dL, classifying this as altered glycaemia that going until 125 mg/dL which is, which is useful in defining a diabetes mellitus condition. A similar classification may be made by measuring the glycaemia levels after the subministration of an oral quantity of glucose, in this way obtaining values that define situations of glucides intolerance or real diabetes mellitus. <span style="color: #365f91;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE THERAPY<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After diabetes has been diagnosed, or even only of a pre-diabetic condition, it is necessary to develop the different grades of a therapeutic plan based on the pivots of the care of this pathology (variously combined; the aim is to reduce the HbA1c –glycated hemoglobin- under 7%):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diet and physical activity – improvement of the metabolic condition of the patient with the reduction of body mass index (BMI, corresponding at (weight –kg-) divided (height –meters-, volume)), and re-balancing of the ratio between fat-free-mass and fat-mass (balanced diabetic program and physical activity)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">as regards the diet, it is made personalized according to age, sex, physical activity, actual weight and ideal weight (glucides 50-55%, proteins 10-20%, lipids <30%); glucides substituted are often preferred, like saccharin or other non glycidic sweeteners<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">as regards physical activity aerobic is preferred: 30 minutes 3-4 times a week (having a cardiac frequency corresponding to 220˗years), choosing the activities in an individualized way, according to the overall clinical situation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">metformin, a pharmaceutical of the biguanides family, used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, which acts by increasing the use of glucose by peripheral tissues which permits arise in their insulin response in turn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there are many vantages of metformine:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reduces the HbA1c by 1-2%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">leads to loss of weight<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">improves the lipidic prophile <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">does not cause hyper-glycaemia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin secretors (like glitazones, tiazolindiones), drugs indicated in diabetes type 2, amplifying the effects of insulin in adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle tissue <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">they are used mostly in patients who need more than 1 UI/kg/die of insulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alfa glycosidase inhibitors (acarbose): these reduce glucides absorption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin – creation of insulinic draft associating long-acting molecules for a basal optimal insulinization with short-acting molecules in immediately post-prandial molecules (at mean dose 0,5-1 UI/kg/die). Usually the plans comprehend two injections per die of an intermediate insulin combined with a rapid-action insulin before breakfast and dinner, an injection of glargine before night or lispro o aspart before lunch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the following are also useful: an auto-monitorized glycaemia control at an individualized frequency, flu vaccine, measurement of blood pressure, lipid profile, micro-albuminuria control, EKG at rest, complete cardiologic evaluation, oculist exam, foot exam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Correct prevention is particularly based on the integration of new logic in the classical concept of diabetes, and all its implications. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE REWARD PATHWAY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regarding diabetes, recent studies have shown that: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin is produced by neurons too, stem cells of central nervous system [7]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">thanks to its embryological origin, common to which of central nervous system (neuro-ectoderm), beta cells present a particular characteristic: they have the dopa-decarbossilase, an enzyme able to convert L-dopa in dopamine. This suggests that pancreatic insulae are involved in a neuroendocrine system called apud which is involved in a real dopaminergic system with encephalic regulation [8]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin acts on the central nervous system, particularly at the reward pathway level, the encephalic system of reward liking emotional responses to the functions regulating superior hormonal systems; this pathway has as dopamine pathways neural circuitries, mostly mesencephalic neurotransmitter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The center of this neural pathway is the VTA, ventral tegmental area, which is linked with the<i> </i>cortex (prefrontal and limbic), basal ganglia (amygdala and the nucleus accumbens) and other systems (bulbar, medullary, antinociceptives). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dopamine is released after stimuli coming from different parts (neurons have phasic more than tonic, continuous, activity). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reward pathway is a regulating center of instinctive mechanisms, automatic or unconscious behaviors, vegetative reactions and emotive responses. It is also the target place of much molecular stimuli, all included in the concept of “drugs”:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">endogenous molecules produced in the CNS, neurotransmitters, hormones, and their exogenous analogues, whether chemicals or pharmaceuticals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">endogenous peripheral molecules and other chemically obtained molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">every natural or artificial molecule able to change the neuro-transmettitorial balance taking place in the VTA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The reward is activated (at a medial level) after certain stimuli and it feeds itself: it tends to establish and mantain the original input leading to the raise of dopamine (input associated to dopamine according to a pavlovian conditioning which is sought for the pleasure in itself). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The news in research about reward mechanisms is in the fact that it has been observed that insulin has effects on this circuitry: experimental data underline that insulin causes a rise in the dopamine precursor (mRNA). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 138.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin stimulates the nucleus accumbens, the site of the elaboration of pleasure mechanisms (as a consequence there is an augmentation of the transit through reward circuitries) [4, 5]. It has been observed that in diabetic subjects, due to insulin-resistance (a lower effect of insulin) this mechanism is altered, due to the low response at a cellular and at an intracellular level to hormone (in a similar way as at peripheral level): this means that diabetic subject require more and more quantity of insulin for the same effect of gratification. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It has also been demonstrated that beta-cells express D2 receptors for dopamine, and the transduction of this dopaminergic signal gets to an inhibition to the secretion of insulin [9]: the more dopamine there is the less insulin is secreted, the more reward pathway is stimulated the less insulin will be in the blood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This means that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in diabetic patient an hypothetical opening hypo-dopaminemia gets to an hyper-insulinemic status leading to an addiction to protein that gets to an insulin-resistance condition typical of advanced diabetic pathology conditions;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in every condition of hypo-dopaminemia there is the consequence of hyper-insulinemia, a risk due to insulin-resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the contrary, if a sufficient level of dopamine is maintained, thanks to correctly received rewards, insulin disequilibrium would not occur or would take place in a more controlled way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THERAPEUTIC NEWS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The fact that insulin acts at a cerebral level reveals that the mind become a key element in its pathogenesis and in the therapy of diabetic pathology, mainly when associated with obesity. It is in fact verified that every treatment acting on molecular insulinic systems acts at the same time even on the same mechanisms of the central nervous system. [10]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pharmacological therapy is fundamental: as already stated diabetic patient often gets different kinds of insulin combined between them, metformin, alfa-glycosidase inhibitors, and glitazones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other than this, it is possible to reassess the meaning of diet and physical activity, which must be seen not as a constrictive system functional to a therapy, but interpreted as two gratification methods leading to an improvement that is not only functional but also global for the individual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The real news is in the use of psychotherapy of others similar as hypnosis-therapy. Particularly (in a study of University of Bologna [11]) it has been shown that behavioral-cognitive therapy in a group of patients affected by a liver disease typical of metabolic syndrome has lead to better effect other than diet and loss of weight, with a normalization of hepatic enzymes, and insulin-resistance and the parameters of dysmetabolic pathology. The conclusion was that subjects who followed psychotherapy had a general amelioration of their parameters with beneficial effect kept even at two-years follow-up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moreover in the USA it has been verified many times that diabetic patients could have a reduced subministration of their daily insulin unities thanks to hypnosis sessions finalized at a revaluation of their way of seeing food and more global mental well-being: there have been cases of juvenile diabetes healed thanks to hypnosis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is possible to think to integrated therapies, associating all these therapeutic methods (pharmacological, psychological, alternative) so to get better accomplishments. Stevia, a historically anti-diabetic plant, could be used as an alternative therapy, always associating its use as a sweetener with traditional therapies. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[12]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moreover we can hypothesize real reward therapy, particularly in those patients for whom weight and diet are a problem in diabetes pathogenesis: it could be possible to automatically associate renunciations of “bad” foods from the diet with auto-gratifications like more functional hobbies (a walk, a bike ride, physical activity in specialized centers, swimming at a pool) or simply with pleasant activities lived as alternative gratifications that are useful in reducing the interest in bad foods (cinema, theatre, conferences, social centers, society games, pets, wellness centers).<span style="color: #339966;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In diabetic pathology, as in many other metabolic alterations, it is always more important to relate the specifically conceived physiopathological situation to more global logic, while keeping in mind a vision that includes the most innovative (neuro)scientific researches, and an interest in the concrete improvement of health. This is fundamental not only to know metabolic pathologies in a more complete way, but mostly to integrate different kinds of drugs and therapies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The relation between the functions of mesencephalic reward pathway and metabolic pathologies typical of the Western world permits improvements in the classic therapies (insulin, anti-obesity therapy) with new molecules (now only experimental) and other therapies able to positively act on mind (psychotherapy, hypnosis, alternative therapies), according to the need of every single patient. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Il diabete mellito in Italia (2004), Il Diabete 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mari A, Pacini G, Murphy E, Ludvik B, Nolan JJ (2001) A model-based method for assessing insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:539-548.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mari A, Pacini G, Brazzale AR, Ahren B (2005) Comparative evaluation of simple insulin sensitivity methods based on the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetologia 2005; 48:748-751.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figlewicz D, Benoit S (2009) Insulin leptin & food reward; Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R9-R19. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galli A (2007) Insulin brain impact links drugs and diabetes, PLoS Biology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De La Monte SM, Neusner A, Chu J, Lawton M (2009) Epidemiological trends strongly suggest exposures as etiologic agents in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; J Alzheimers Dis; 17(3):519-29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hori Y, Gu X, Xie X, Kim SK (2005) Differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human neural progenitor cells; PLoS Med; Apr;2(4):e103. Epub 2005 Apr 26.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kapoor%20RR%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kapoor RR</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gilbert%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gilbert C</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Mohnike%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mohnike K</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Blankenstein%20O%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Blankenstein O</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Fuechtner%20F%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fuechtner F</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Hussain%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hussain K</span></a> (2009) Congenital hyperinsulinism: [F]DOPA PET/CT scan of a focal lesion in the head of the pancreas. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21687284" title="BMJ case reports."><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">BMJ Case Rep.</span></a> 2009;2009:bcr2007121178. Epub 2009 Feb 16.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rub%C3%AD%20B%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rubí B</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ljubicic%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ljubicic S</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pournourmohammadi%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pournourmohammadi S</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Carobbio%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Carobbio S</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Armanet%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Armanet M</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bartley%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bartley C</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Maechler%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Maechler P</span></a>. (2005) Dopamine D2-like receptors are expressed in pancreatic beta cells and mediate inhibition of insulin secretion. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129680" title="The Journal of biological chemistry."><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">J Biol Chem.</span></a> 2005 Nov 4;280(44):36824-32. Epub 2005 Aug 29.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Volkow%20ND%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Volkow ND</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wang%20GJ%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wang GJ</span></a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Baler%20RD%22%5BAuthor%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Baler RD</span></a>. (2011) Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=by%20Nora%20D%20Volkow%2C%20Gene-Jack%20Wang%2C%20Ruben%20D%20Baler" title="Trends in cognitive sciences."><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trends Cogn Sci.</span></a> 2011 Jan;15(1):37-46. Epub 2010 Nov 24.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moscatiello S, Di Luzio R, Bugianesi E, Suppini A, Hickman IJ, Di Domizio S, Dalle Grave R, Marchesini G (2011) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966900"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cognitive-behavioral treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: a propensity score-adjusted observational study.</span></a> Obesity (Silver Spring). Apr;19(4):763-70. Epub 2010 Oct 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dragoni D (2011) Stevia & reward pathway; Neuroscienze.net<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOOKS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasper (2005) Harrison’s Principi di Medic</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ina Interna, McGrawHill <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katzung (2004) Farmacologia generale e clinica, VI edizione italiana condotta sulla IX edizione americana curata dal Prof Paolo Preziosi, PICCIN <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-35679456369316088632010-09-01T08:37:00.026+02:002015-09-26T22:10:04.326+02:002) ARTICLE - hypnosis & reward pathway [2010.I]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis & reward pathway<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KEY WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis, dopamine, reward pathway, diabetes, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metabolic syndrome, conditioning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis is becoming more and more accepted today as a health care and healing system for many pathologies, which can be treated in less time, with less engagement for the patient, and more efficaciously than with other therapeutic procedures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As we well know this method plays over natural mental states and takes individuals on journeys through their entire lives in order to establish the rebalancing that leads to wellness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All this may be traced to the systems that physiologically form our mind, which, when altered, demonstrate involvement in a set of pathological mechanisms with parallel therapeutic implications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The key elements are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">an anatomic-functional analysis of the structures involved<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metabolic correlations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the action of hypnosis on reward pathway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE REWARD PATHWAY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The reward system is a complex dopaminergic circuitry that in our brain divides itself in two other projecting subsystems that start from the ventral mesencephalon and lead themselves to the nucleus accumbens-tuberculum olfactory system. The webs derived are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">starting from VTA, the ventral tegmental area, with one medial going to the ventro medial striatum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> from the lateral VTA start projections to the ventrolateral striatum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These two projective circuitries form the dual dopamine striatal system, ventromedial and ventrolateral. Their role is fundamental in regulating arousal, variable complexity concepts, which include mainly attention mechanisms, and also finalized behaviors; they differ in two systems: reward mechanisms versus nocivi (harmful) stimuli. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As neurons, dopaminergic cells are active only phasically. Only in a local excitative condition do neurons gain action potential and determine a flow of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens. This is mostly responsive and ready to conduct the stimulus if there are excitatory stimuli coming directly from the telencefalon, and particularly from structures like the amygdalae and prefrontal orbito-medial cortex. The result, molecularly speaking, is a reduction of gaba at the ventral pallidus level. The inhibition of pallidus leads to a consequent disinhibition of the lymbic system, a link maintained by cortical projections and contemporary connections to and from the VTA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is clear that the other systems connected with the reward pathway are those included in the mind’s dopaminergic web, and precisely: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from the VTA to the other cortex…prefrontal, insular, lymbic, and hyppocampal and vice-versa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from the VTA to the anteromedial striatum and to the nucleus accumbens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from the VTA to the amygdalae from which there are hypotalamic projections (lateral) that return to the mesencefalon (medial)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">from the VTA to low-descending brain stem (reticular substance, periaqueductal grey) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Most of these systems vaunt two-directional dopamine circulation ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This system determines and forms all the mind functions referred to: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">instinctive mechanisms and automatic or unconscious behaviors <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vegetative reactions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emotional responses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">regulations of superior hormonal systems and of autonomic nervous system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dolorific controlled system <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The system is also involved in the effects caused by molecules considered “drugs”, whether they are pharmacons, chemicals, natural molecules, or endogenous molecules, given that they are endogenous peripheral products or derive from physiological variations of our mental states whether spontaneous or autonomously and heterogeneously induced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PATHOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC CORRELATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The reward pathway and more in general the entire dopaminergic system is involved and activated even by variations of metabolic endogenous molecules and by their exogenous analogues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The increase of postprandial insulin, induced by the increase in glycaemia that determines its exit from the pancreatic beta-cell, leads to a stimulation of the VTA, the ventral tegmental area, thanks to its action on dopaminergic circuitries: experimental data show that insulin determines a rise in dopamine mRNA. The effect is a positive dopamine-induced stimulation in the nucleus accumbens that determines a positive reward pathway, with a further food search, caused by a conscious hungriness sensation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Insulin is therefore related to a wellness sensation mediated by dopamine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This system is altered in diabetic people with insulin-resistance because the entire reward pathway system already, hypothetically unbalanced in an insulin-dependent disequilibrium, is altered by the insulin stimulation typical of advanced phases of pathology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In a similar situation but with some differences are patients affected by metabolic syndrome with criteria of ATP III (<span style="color: #0d0d0d;">central obesity: waist circumference ≥102 cm (m) or ≥ <st1:metricconverter productid="88 cm" st="on">88 cm</st1:metricconverter> (f); arterial hypertension ≥ 130/85 mmHg; </span>hyper-trigliceridemia, TG ≥ 150 mg/dL; reduction of cholesterol HDL levels < 40 mg/dL (m) or 50 mg/dL (f); diabetes, or fast glycaemia ≥100 mg/dL). It is known that in these patients there are alterations in the level of leptin, an adipokine normally produced by fat tissue responsible for the sensation of satiety, with a directly proportional relation until medium-elevated levels of pathology are reached over which the adipose tissue dysfunction leads to an altered metabolism of itself manifested through a reduction of leptin and its effects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leptin has been shown to rise with higher fat mass and inhibit dopaminergic VTA circuits, for a gaba prevalence with negative effect on the nucleus accumbens: in healthy people it inhibits the search of food and reduces the sensation of hungriness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both phenomena insulin-resistance and reduced leptin often occur in obese patients. The effect is a reduced dopaminergic stimulation of VTA with a final reduced stimulation of reward, and a parallel reduction of the inhibition of the sensation of hunger due to altered leptin metabolism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All this helps understand how pathologies derived from peripheral alterations, and particularly specific tissues and organs (in primis pancreas for diabetes and the adipose tissues for metabolic syndrome, even if this is actually related to metabolic compromise considered more systemically) are essentially linked to the with encephalic structure and play important roles, and for such reason could be potential target for care using molecular analogues that act in a similar way, and other therapeutic systems with similar action. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">HYPNOSIS AND DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis works on spontaneus physiological and hetero-induced variations of different mental states with balance variably equilibrated between all the structures mentioned above, each one corresponding to a particular mental state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One starting point is the action mechanism of hypnosis: the reduction of the critical level related with cortical function (with the reduction of the cortical function and the respective raise of dopamine, typical of the subcortex), a reduced control over automatic mechanism, until the achievement of that peculiar action of hypnosis that is the mental review of all that is part of past lived and of unconscious experience re-processed through the hypnotherapist’s help. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The trance state of mind becomes the first step in the revision of the subject’s mental world, which may start from the “knots to solve” with which patient is often – but not always – well aware, a revision that can overcome the automatic proceedings, derived from the people’s experiences, and the same situations that guide the thought of each one of us towards either a pessimistic or positive and optimistic logical direction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The result is often achieved when after becoming aware of the points behind mental (and neural) proceedings and sometimes the cause of pathologies, the patient is able to unconsciously or subconsciously realize optimized and better systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Juxtaposing the hypnosis method alongside the mind structure, it becomes clear that one of the systems most closely involved is the reward system: the gratification that the subject experiences comes from the immediate effect derived from trance status (a mental state with relative augmented dopamine, and a consequent increase in dopaminergic circuits, VTA in primis), and the re-reading in a positive key of new ways to viewing every reality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This action is partially due to two phenomena that the patient and the therapist develop together: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">initially, a sort of conditioning that is pavlovian more in the essence than in method, that determines a re-interpretation of events lived by highlighting points to solve and elements to emphasize, until they prevail in an almost exclusive way (with multiple action on dopaminergic systems); from which begins a strengthening of the mechanisms most useful to subject that lead to real neural modifications such as those involving the vegetative-insular system, and always the reward pathway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">subsequently, a subconscious systematization of the same methods until they become semi-automatic and prevail over previous ones in order to be immediately realized by the subject who can see positive traits of situations in a more spontaneous way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CONCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis is a system that can not only concretely change our way of being but also create and utilize the neural connections, that make us what we are.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The reward pathway is a dopaminergic system responsible of our healthy state and inter-connected with many structures that modify during our lives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hypnosis can create an immediate effect by acting on this system, in this way not only treating numerous etiology pathologies, but also determining evident states of wellness in the mind thanks to the establishment of better ways of thinking, being, and living. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Riccardo Arone di Bertolino (2003) L’ipnosi per un medico, Edizioni Martina Bologna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John Grindler & Richard Bandler (1981) Trance-formations, Connirae Andras Ed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Figlewicz, Insulin leptin & food reward; Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R9-R19, 2009. First published October 22, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7864143019818870486.post-72423546977134663902010-09-01T08:33:00.028+02:002015-09-26T22:09:43.515+02:001) ARTICLE - reward pathway & metabolism [2010.01.02]<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reward pathway & metabolism<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Correlations between mesencephalic reward pathway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and typical metabolic dysfunctions of internal pathologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEY WORDS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adiponectin, diabetes, dopamine,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">insulin, mind, nafld,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reward pathway, metabolic syndrome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With the intention of understanding the most important scientific findings typical of a strictly medical field and of the neuroscience world, the relationships that emerge by analyzing the functions of the midbrain reward system and the features of the currently most common metabolic pathologies (diabetes, obesity, nafld hepatopathy) assume fundamental importance in obtaining a more complete knowledge and outlining more global therapeutic plans that come closer to the needs of the patient. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ORIGINAL ARTICLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neuroscience can now understand and explain more and more the strictly medical physiopathology that takes place at a molecular and cellular level through a systemic and metabolic approach. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generally speaking, the most recent scientific findings regard peptides and hormones with a peripheral role at a glance, and the ability of the same molecules to work as important regulators in the CNS central nervous system, explaining why therapeutic approach to care and healing used to treat many pathologies must give high consideration to neuroscientific logic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The key points of this neuro-medical logic approach are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The reward pathway system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most frequent metabolic pathologies and their relationships <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An integral vision of the whole, with the consequences to therapy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THE REWARD PATHWAY SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The functions of this system that regulate and create our strictly hypothalamic instincts must be related in neuroanathomic manner by linking them to the sensation of well-being generated by the reward system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From a neuro-anathomical point of view, this regards mesencephalic level, in truncus encephali, particularly in the ventral tegmental area or VTA. This is the site most popuylated by dopaminergic-receptors, responsible for the wellness percepted at a conscious level (or cortical) due to many causes, but mostly by VTA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neural-webs have synaptic links to and from: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">telencephalic basal ganglia, lateral and medial (respectively arousal-attention-stress vs reward-wellness), and particularly: ventrolateral and ventromedial striatus, lateral and medial amygdala, nucleus accumbens, lymbic system (emotivity field)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hypotalamus and insula, particularly linked with lateral systems (autonomic-vegetative system according to arousal-stress) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">several cortical areas: anterior cingulatus for the limbic-emotive component, frontal cortex able to develop finalistic behavior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">truncus encephali: on its lateral part (arousal derived from ponto-bulbar reticular activating system ) and its medial part, linked in direction of parasympathetic branches; moreover there are connections with the periaqueductal gray, responsible for the antinociceptive opioids mechanisms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From a neuronal point of view, the system’s basal dopaminergic activity, is characterized by a phasic rather than tonic function, which means that it’s potential actions get started so to lead to a higher releasing flow of dopamine, on the basis of stimuli starting anywhere. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It seems that the first nucleus being activate is the nucleus accumbens, which with its cortical link determines the more or less conscious voluntary control of dopamine direction: medially (if there are excitatory cortical signals) or laterally (if not). In the first condition, which is more fortunate in terms of health (less stress) and evolution one, pallidus dishinibition occurs with consequent limbic-system disinhibition and all the effects derived. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The cognitive functions involved in this system are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">instinctive, automatic, or inconscious mechanisms (regulated from the complex interactions between telecephalic basal ganglia and the cortex, with a particular role played by the cortical-subcortical circuits) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">emotive response (limbic system)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">superior hormonal system regulations (hypothalamus-hypophysis) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vegetative reactions (typically at an hypothalamus-insula site)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nervous authonomic system functions (hypothalamus-parasympathetic nuclei and medullary sites of orthosympathetic and parasympathetic branches)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pain and antinociceptive system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GENERAL SURVEY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The reward pathway is one of the partition points for inputs leading to: conscious and unconscious behavior choices and their interaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is one of the anatomical sites in which Pavlov-conditionings take place, and is the system on which many exogenous and endogenous molecules act. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The common mechanism of all these input stimuli is quite logical: dopamine easily determines facilitation in every activity of our organism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A clear example in medical pathology is provided by Parkinson’s disease in which a lowering of dopamine that affects clinical features can be easily healed by the pharmacological supplementation of levo-dopa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is the same from a psychological point of view: instinctively preferred behaviors are those in which animals or human beings have raised dopamine levels; it is an auto-feeding reward. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In consequence, a low dopamine level determines the search for behaviors that in past lead to raised dopamine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The interesting thing, is that many molecules with beneficial-therapeutic effect, all of which categorized as “drugs” (drugs, exogenous molecules, etc…regardless of situations) have VTA as target.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From this consideration, it is obvious that our mind is the real protagonist in the care and healing process, even if the first clinical action occurs on a peripheral organ with all the metabolic consequences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore all the therapeutic means capable of working on our mind (psychotherapy, hypnotherapy) can provide support or even be the first step in the healing process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">METABOLIC CORRELATIONS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Considering classical medicine system the neuropsychological logic point of view, it is clear that the mind’s role must be taken into consideration in both diagnostic observation, and in healthcare administration practices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every time we treat a metabolic pathology, we should associate those elements with every knowledge that is more and more integrated, from a molecular point of view, in holistic systems which are based at the same time on organicistic facts and a systemic metabolic vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The metabolic pathology par-excellence is “metabolic syndrome”, a clinical feature that includes diabetes and obesity, the most diffused diseases of all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Their most frequent association is with nafld, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, an asymptomatic common pathology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From a molecular point of view, the interesting elements relating to VTA are: insulin, leptin, adiponectin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first is a molecule produced by the pancreas each time post-eating hyperglycaemia takes place; insulin acts at cellular level: glucose gets into the cell and is used for anabolism with the consequent systemic eu-glycaemia as a return to equilibrium state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Insulin also acts on VTA: experimental data show that insulin is liked to raised dopamine mRNA [1- Figlewicz, 2009]. The effect is a positive dopamine-induced stimulation on nucleus accumbens, leading to a positive reward pathway [2- Galli, 2007]. In diabetic people (insulin-resistant), this mechanism is abnormal with a differently reduced stimulation on VTA to the point of requiring exogenous insulin supplementation or therapeutic systems able to raise insulinemy necessary to maintain optimal glucose levels (artificial insulin secretagogues, glitazones, or natural ones derived from plants like stevia: those molecules act at the same time on both peripheral cells and in CNS, in this way stimulating VTA). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In obese patients the molecules involved in peripheric and central metabolic regulations are leptin and adiponectin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first has an anorexogenic role; it is produced by adipocyte in normo-weight BMI subject and acts on VTA by inhibiting excessive food request: as a result there is a negative effect on nucleus accumbens with the reduction of hungriness. Obese subjects have a deregulation of leptin production (reduced) with paradoxical consequent raised hungriness: VTA is hardly stimulated, and food seems to be the only dopamine source (in this pattern, raised by insulin too) [1- Figlewicz, 2009; 4- Morton, 2009]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adiponectin is similarly produced by peripherical cells (3p27); discovered in preadipocyte, the substance is found in the bloodstream as a potential product of every cell involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, and probably even by normo-funcioning hepatocyte [3- Joo, 2008]. The molecular effect takes place at various levels: antiflogistic and antifibrotic on the liver and at systematic level (with the reduction of the hepatopaty and hypothetically of atherosclerosis typically associated with metabolic syndrome and with diabetes), and as a regulating factor on dopaminergic VTA system (where it is reduced in hepatopatic patients with a disequilibrium of hungriness); it seems that adiponectin determines a correct surfeit sense in a BMI normo-weight condition just as leptin does. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In conclusion, the action of adiponectin on mesencephalon determines a reduction of food introit and a raise of expenditure of energy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is a growing need for: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">molecular logics based on human holistic vision <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anathomic approaches that consider metabolic dynamics <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pharmacological classical therapies related more and more with care systems that bear in mind the precepts derived from a global knowledge of medical science. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In particular, the relation between the mesencephalic reward pathway function and metabolic pathologies typical of the Western world help us more consciously understand standard therapies (insulinic, anti-obesity, etc) with new molecules (at present studied in experimental phases, as diagnosis targets and for therapeutic use), and with every therapeutic means (psychotherapy, hypnotherapy) that might be able to help our mind which is the only entity related to encephalic structures and functions while deriving from and transcending them at the same time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARTICLES<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figlewicz D, Benoit S; (2009) Insulin leptin & food reward; Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R9-R19. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galli A (2007) Insulin brain impact links drugs and diabetes, PLoS Biology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Joo Young H & Hunjoo H (2008) Antifibrotic effect of globular adiponectin in human hepatocyte, FASEB J. 22: 978.11 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morton G, Blevins J, Kim F, Matsen M, Figlewicz D (2009) The action of leptin in the VTA to decrease food intake is dependent on Jak-2 signaling; Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297: E202-E210. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOOKS<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilgard’s Introduzione alla psicologia (1999) Piccin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kasper (2005) Harrison’s Principi di Medicina Interna, McGrawHill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
D. MD, n 16593 odm Bohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16969701303225940088noreply@blogger.com0